Figure 2. Xcad-11 promotes focal adhesion formation and cell–substrate adhesion.

(a) NCC explants injected with mbGFP and immunostained for phosphopaxillin. Depletion of Xcad-11 by MO injection leads to loss of phosphopaxillin staining. (b) NCC injected with mbGFP and H2B-cherry or together with Xcad-11 MO. Fluorescence images collected at the same substrate position before (right column) and after (left column) the flipping assay. (c) Statistics for flipping assay (mean±s.d.), n=total number of cells before and after flipping assay. Results of at least three independent experiments were averaged and statistical significance was analysed by Student's t-test. (d) Adhesion forces (mean±s.d.) measured by AFM-based SCFS. At least 10 different cells were measured per condition and statistical significance was assessed according to the Mann–Whitney test. (e) Xcad-11 constructs for reconstitution: extracellular (EC), transmembrane (TM); (p120/ β-cat) p120-binding or β-cat-binding site. (f) Statistics for reconstitution (mean±s.d.), n=total number of cells after flipping assay. Scale bars, 20 μm.