. 2016 Mar 10;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-313. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7378.1

Table 2. Modulation of integrity of blood-brain barrier as method of drug delivery to the brain.

Method and Key References	Level of Preclinical Evaluation	Invasive	In Clinical Use
Reversible osmotic opening ^73– 76	Substantial	Yes	Yes, in small number of centers
Focused ultrasound + micro-bubbles ^{79, 81, 83, 84}	Substantial	No	No
*Electrical stimulation*
Non-thermal electroporation ⁷⁶	Limited	Yes	No
Pulsed electromagnetic stimulation ¹¹³
Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation ^114, 115	Limited	Yes	No
Electric field application ¹¹⁶	Limited	No	No
Convection-enhanced delivery ¹¹¹	Limited	Yes	No