Table 2. High-risk identification in the emergency department (including assessment of the ATS/IDSA minor criteria).

Clinical assessment, supplemented by evaluation of the following criteria:
•   Presence of acute respiratory failure    ○ Respiratory rate of 30/min or more    ○ Arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen (paO 2/FiO 2) of 250 or less    ○ Oxygen saturation of less than 90%    ○ Multi-lobar infiltrate
•   Presence of acute extra-pulmonary organ dysfunction    ○ Systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg/hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation    ○ Elevated lactate    ○ Temperature of less than 36°C    ○ New-onset mental confusion    ○ Acute renal failure/blood urea nitrogen of more than 20 mg/dL    ○ Leucocytes of less than 4000/µL    ○ Thrombocytes of less than 100,000/µL
•   Presence of instable comorbidity    ○ Especially acute cardiovascular complication

ATS/IDSA, American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America.