Table 1.
Study participant characteristics.
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | |
| White non-Hispanic | 126 (70.39) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 25 (14.00) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 5 (2.79) |
| Black/African American | 23 (12.85) |
| Infant sexa | |
| Female | 94 (51.51) |
| Male | 85 (47.49) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |
| No | 174 (97.21) |
| Yes | 5 (2.79) |
| Prepregnancy body mass indexa,b | 25.45 ± 5.74 |
| Maternal age (years)a | 32.91 ± 5.01 |
| Method of deliveryb (nmiss = 6) | |
| Spontaneous | 36 (20.81) |
| Induced | 27 (15.61) |
| Cesarean section | 110 (63.58) |
| Maternal complicationsb (nmiss = 34) | |
| Preeclampsia | 1 (0.69) |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 7 (4.83) |
| Gestational diabetes | 9 (6.21) |
| Infections | 3 (2.07) |
| Parity | |
| Nulliparous | 64 (36.16) |
| 1 | 66 (37.29) |
| 2 | 32 (18.08) |
| ≥ 3 | 15 (8.47) |
| Gravidity | |
| 0 | 46 (26.74) |
| 1 | 44 (25.58) |
| 2 | 38 (22.09) |
| ≥ 3 | 44 (25.58) |
| nmiss, number with missing information. aMean ± SD. bChart-abstracted. | |