Table 3.
Multiple-exposure unpenalized linear regression models for the exposures selected via elastic net regression and term birth weight [βOLS (95% CI)].
| Predictor (increment) | Adjusted | p‑Value | Plus gestational age | p‑Value | Further adjusted | p‑Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ln-MEHHP (1.70 ng/mL) | –86.75 (–139.18, –34.32) | 0.001 | –83.94 (–132.68, –35.19) | 0.001 | –70.22 (–117.59, –22.85) | 0.004 |
| ln-MOiNP (2.22 ng/mL) | 45.85 (–4.84, 96.54) | 0.076 | 45.62 (–1.51, 92.74) | 0.058 | 37.64 (–7.99, 83.27) | 0.106 |
| ln-PFOA (1.18 ng/mL) | –42.77 (–108.19, 22.65) | 0.200 | –41.02 (–101.83, 19.80) | 0.186 | –63.77 (–122.83, –4.71) | 0.035 |
| ln-p,p´-DDEa (1.82 ng/g) | –134.73 (–191.93, –77.53) | < 0.001 | –100.75 (–154.13, –47.36) | < 0.001 | –66.70 (–119.38, –14.02) | 0.013 |
| Population | ||||||
| Poland | –40.24 (–133.58, 53.11) | 0.398 | 4.84 (–82.16, 91.85) | 0.913 | –93.16 (–183.72, –2.60) | 0.044 |
| Ukraine | –218.89 (–300.66, –137.13) | < 0.001 | –142.98 (–219.73, –66.22) | < 0.001 | –256.90 (–338.77, –175.02) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| 27–31 | 88.14 (23.05, 153.24) | 0.008 | 80.01 (19.48, 140.53) | 0.010 | 65.44 (6.74, 124.14) | 0.029 |
| 32–45 | 30.53 (–42.52, 103.57) | 0.413 | 38.08 (–29.83, 105.99) | 0.272 | 37.19 (–28.83, 103.21) | 0.270 |
| BMI (8.62 kg/m2) | 209.00 (155.53, 262.46) | < 0.001 | 181.37 (131.51, 231.22) | < 0.001 | 194.00 (145.42, 242.58) | < 0.001 |
| Parity: multiparous | 58.72 (–3.63, 121.06) | 0.065 | 76.33 (18.32, 134.34) | 0.010 | 85.92 (29.39, 142.44) | 0.003 |
| Gestational age (2.45 weeks) | 343.78 (295.61, 391.94) | < 0.001 | 330.43 (283.70, 377.15) | < 0.001 | ||
| Infant sex: female | –115.40 (–160.38, –70.43) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Maternal height (12.93 cm) | 135.83 (88.38, 183.28) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Alcohol: ≥ 7 drinks/week | 34.43 (–61.76, 130.62) | 0.483 | ||||
| Cotinine (113.51 ng/mL) | –140.41 (–191.92, –88.89) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Vitamin D (22.05 ng/mL) | 18.77 (–29.39, 66.93) | 0.445 | ||||
| Regression coefficients (βOLS) represent the change in mean birth weight (g) for term infants per increment: a 2-SD increase in ln-transformed exposure biomarker or untransformed continuous covariate levels, or per category for categorical covariates. Reference categories are population, Greenland; maternal age, 18–26 years; parity, nulliparous; infant sex, male; alcohol, < 7 drinks/week (around the time of conception). Variance inflation factors for exposure terms ranged from 1.04 to 1.74. aβOLS for models including wet weight p,p’-DDE (ng/mL), adjusted for total lipids: –134.22 (95% CI: –191.43, –77.02), –99.91 (95% CI: –153.30, –46.52), –67.16 (95% CI: –119.80, –14.51). | ||||||