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. 2015 Jul 14;124(3):313–320. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409157

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Characterization of putative biomarkers within chemical-induced modules. (A) Heatmap representing a module in PHH (mod6), associated with transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling, that can be considered as a candidate biomarker in humans for environmental exposure to known toxicants. Diverse rat hepatocarcinogens were enriched in this module. (B) Heatmap representing a module in RLV (mod5) that was relevant to toxicity mode of action and is enriched for a class of lipid-lowering drugs known as fibrates. These drugs are rat hepatocarcinogens and activate the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Green, down-regulation; blue, up-regulation. Drugs that activate PPAR pathways include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and antituberculosis drugs. All statistical details and genes contributing to these pathways are in Supplemental Material, Zip file S4.