Table 1.
The characteristics of participants
| Entire patient cohort (n = 388) | Subjects who experienced the composite endpoint (n = 110) | Subjects who did not experienced the composite endpoint (n = 278) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (M ± SD) | 58.34 ± 9.60 | 57.32 ± 6.15 | 58.73 ± 7.22 | 0.86 |
| Male, n (%) | 207 (53.3 %) | 64 (58.2 %) | 143 (51.4 %) | 0.88 |
| I NYHA class, n (%) | 77 (19.8 %) | - | 77 (27.7 %) | 0.001 |
| II NYHA class, n (%) | 147 (37.9 %) | 26 (23.6 %) | 121 (43.5 %) | 0.001 |
| III NYHA class, n (%) | 83 (21.4 %) | 52 (47.3 %) | 31 (11.2 %) | 0.001 |
| IV NYHA class, n (%) | 81 (20.9 %) | 32 (29.1 %) | 49 (17.6 %) | 0.001 |
| HFrEF, n (%) | 255 (65.7 %) | 78 (70.9 %) | 177 (63.7 %) | 0.78 |
| HFpEF, n (%) | 133 (34.3 %) | 32 (29.1 %) | 101 (36.3 %) | 0.76 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 214 (55.5 %) | 62 (56.4 %) | 152 (54.7 %) | 0.96 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 256 (66.0 %) | 48 (43.6 %) | 208 (74.8 %) | 0.024 |
| Type two diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 146 (37.6 %) | 42 (38.2 %) | 104 (37.4 %) | 0.94 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 172 (44.3 %) | 54 (49.1 %) | 118 (42.4 %) | 0.82 |
| Adherence to smoke, n (%) | 76 (19.6 %) | 25 (22.7 %) | 51 (18.3 %) | 0.77 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (Me; 95 % CI) | 24.1 (21.6 – 28.7) | 23.9 (20.7–25.9) | 23.3 (21.5–24.8) | 0.68 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg (M ± SD) | 131 ± 8 | 130 ± 5 | 133 ± 5 | 0.84 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg (M ± SD) | 78 ± 5 | 77 ± 4 | 78 ± 4 | 0.92 |
| Heart rate, beat per min. (M ± SD) | 70.52 ± 3.34 | 74.60 ± 4.6 | 69.10 ± 6.2 | 0.48 |
| LVEF, %(M ± SD) | 42.80 ± 5.76 | 42.20 ± 3.11 | 43.20 ± 6.18 | 0.76 |
| GFR, ml/ min/1.73 m2 (Me; 95 % CI) | 82.3 (68.7 – 102.6) | 81.5 (71.3–94.7) | 83.9 (77.1–102.6) | 0.055 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 135.4 (128.5 – 140.1) | 134.1 (126.2 – 136.4) | 136.1 (125.1 – 144.8) | 0.06 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 5.20 (3.3–9.7) | 5.27 (3.5–9.4) | 4.98 (3.8–8.1) | 0.28 |
| HbA1c, % (Me; 95 % CI) | 6.8 (4.1–9.5) | 6.9 (4.3–9.2) | 6.6 (4.6–8.3) | 0.36 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 72.3 (58.7 – 92.6) | 73.1 (60.9–80.5) | 70.7 (59.1 – 88.1) | 0.048 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 5.1 (3.9 – 6.1) | 5.3 (4.6–6.0) | 5.0 (3.5 – 5.9) | 0.047 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 0.91 (0.89 – 1.12) | 0.96 (0.93–1.05) | 0.88 (0.84 – 1.01) | 0.044 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 3.23 (3.11 – 4.40) | 3.71 (3.50–4.20) | 3.53 (3.11–3.97) | 0.06 |
| Uric acid, mmol/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 33.5 (25.3 – 40.1) | 35.7 (25.3 – 40.1) | 31.1 (20.6 – 36.9) | 0.036 |
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 1977.2 (984.7 – 2993.2) | 2616.5 (1085.3 – 3683.5) | 1530.6 (644.5 – 2560.6) | 0.042 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L (Me; 95 % CI) | 7.34 (6.77–7.95) | 8.04 (6.81–9.52) | 6.96 (5.03–8.13) | 0.036 |
| Galectin-3, ng/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 17.58 (10.90 – 22.95) | 20.13 (14.10 – 23.81) | 15.32 (11.20 – 19.40) | 0.022 |
| Osteoprotegerin, pg/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 5554.3 (5306.4–5782.1) | 5672.5 (5638.0–5705.6) | 5434.9 (5266.5–5722.4) | 0.04 |
| Osteopontin, ng/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 99.5 (57.7 – 142.7) | 112.9 (81.5 – 132.5) | 86.3 (66.2 – 112.4) | 0.04 |
| Osteonectin, ng/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 788.54 (665.12–912.30) | 868.90 (673.10–997.80) | 754.12 (622.71–901.20) | 0.036 |
| sRANKL, pg/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 2206.50 (2057.2–2355.8) | 2383.20 (2259.1–2462.5) | 2103.20 (2009.1–2290.1) | 0.001 |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 15.23 (8.97–24.15) | 20.35 (11.73–32.10) | 10.61 (4.83–17.35) | 0.001 |
| CD14+CD309+ MPCs × 10−4, %(Me; 95 % CI) | 29.18 (19.00 – 34.50) | 22.50 (15.00 – 31.20) | 35.5 (18.50 – 41.70) | 0.001 |
| CD14+CD309+Tie2+ MPCs × 10−4, %(Me; 95 % CI) | 0.67 (0.21 – 1.10) | 0.57 (0.25 – 0.80) | 0.72 (0.34 – 0.93) | 0.032 |
| CD144+/CD31+/annexin V+ EMPs, n/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 1.03 (0.35–1.90) | 1.18 (0.29–2.33) | 0.82 (0.71–0.97) | 0.068 |
| CD31+/annexin V+ EMPs, n/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 0.48 (0.29–0.64) | 0.63 (0.45–0.74) | 0.29 (0.27–0.38) | 0.001 |
| CD62E+ EMPs, n/mL (Me; 95 % CI) | 0.98 (0.87–1.12) | 1.01 (0.84–1.27) | 0.95 (0.89–1.07) | 0.14 |
| CD31+/annexin V+ EMPs to CD14+CD309+ MPCs ratio × 10−2 (Me; 95 % CI) | 1.64 (1.35–1.93) | 2.8 (2.56–3.01) | 1.02 (0.80–1.48) | 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%) | 388 (100 %) | 110 (100 %) | 278 (100 %) | 1.0 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 305 (78.6 %) | 96 (87.3 %) | 209 (75.2 %) | 0.022 |
| Other antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 83 (21.4 %) | 14 (12.7 %) | 69 (24.8 %) | 0.026 |
| Beta-adrenoblockers, n (%) | 324 (83.5 %) | 73 (66.4 %) | 251 (90.3 %) | 0.001 |
| Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 63 (16.2 %) | 17 (15.5 %) | 46 (16.5 %) | 0.88 |
| Ivabradine, n (%) | 137 (35.3 %) | 43 (39.0 %) | 94 (33.8 %) | 0.78 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, n (%) | 152 (39.2 %) | 45 (40.9 %) | 107 (38.5 %) | 0.66 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 311 (80.1 %) | 110 (100 %) | 201 (72.3 %) | 0.043 |
| Statins, n (%) | 294 (75.7 %) | 48 (43.6 %) | 246 (88.5 %) | 0.012 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 146 (37.6 %) | 42 (38.2 %) | 104 (37.4 %) | 0.86 |
| Sitagliptin, n (%) | 48 (12.4 %) | 9 (8.2 %) | 40 (14.4 %) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: M mean value, Me median value, ST standard deviation, CI 95 % confidence interval; NYHA New York Heart Association, GFR glomerular filtration rate, BMP brain natriuretic peptide, BP blood pressure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, BMI body mass index; sRANKL serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, EMPs endothelial-derived microparticles, MPCs mononuclear progenitor cells, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARBs angiotensin-2 receptor blockers, HFrEF heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, HFpEF heart failure with precerved left ventricular ejection fraction