Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Factorial Groups at Randomization
| Characteristic | Exercise (n=51) | No Exercise (n=49) | Diet (n=49) | No Diet (n=51) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.9 ± 5.5 | 66.0 ± 4.8 | 66.4 ± 5.0 | 66.6 ± 5.4 |
| Women | 41 (80%) | 40 (82%) | 40 (82%) | 41 (80%) |
| White | 28 (55%) | 27 (55%) | 24 (49%) | 31 (61%) |
| Body Weight (kg) | 109 ± 21 | 102 ± 13 | 105 ± 17 | 106 ± 19 |
| BSA (m2) | 2.12 ± 0.22 | 2.06 ± 0.15 | 2.09 ± 0.19 | 2.09 ± 0.19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 40.3 ± 7.1 | 38.4 ± 4.8 | 39.0 ± 5.0 | 39.7 ± 7.1 |
| Body fat (%) | 45 ± 6 | 46 ± 7 | 45 ± 6 | 45 ± 7 |
| NYHA class | ||||
| II | 27 (53%) | 33 (67%) | 31 (63%) | 29 (57%) |
| III | 24 (47%) | 16 (33%) | 18 (37%) | 22 (43%) |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 60 ± 6 | 62 ± 6 | 61 ± 6 | 62 ± 6 |
| LV Mass (g) | 213 ± 63 | 216 ± 57 | 218 ± 62 | 210 ± 58 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.57 ± 0.12 | 0.57 ± 0.12 | 0.56 ± 0.13 | 0.58 ± 0.11 |
| Diastolic filling pattern | ||||
| Normal | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) |
| Impaired Relaxation | 45 (88%) | 42 (88%) | 42 (88%) | 45 (88%) |
| Pseudonormal | 5 (10%) | 4 (8%) | 5 (10%) | 4 (8%) |
| Restrictive | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) |
| e’ (cm/s) | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 6.2 ± 1.3 |
| E/ e’ ratio | 12.9 ± 3.4 | 13.4 ± 4.0 | 13.0 ± 3.9 | 13.2 ± 3.5 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/ml) | 24.9 (19.2, 39.4) | 21.6 (18.2, 26.5) | 22.0 (19.1, 33.0) | 22.2 (18.7, 33.6) |
| Current atrial fibrillation | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 21 (41%) | 14 (29%) | 16 (33%) | 19 (37%) |
| History of hypertension | 48 (94%) | 47 (96%) | 46 (94%) | 49 (96%) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 137 ± 16 | 135 ± 16 | 136 ± 15 | 136 ± 16 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 9 | 77 ± 7 | 78 ± 9 | 78 ± 7 |
| Current medications | ||||
| ACE-inhibitors | 20 (39%) | 17 (35%) | 18 (37%) | 19 (37%) |
| Diuretics | 38 (75%) | 38 (78%) | 35 (71%) | 41 (80%) |
| Beta-blockers | 20 (39%) | 20 (41%) | 19 (39%) | 21 (41%) |
| Calcium Antagonists | 18 (35%) | 17 (35%) | 18 (37%) | 17 (33%) |
| Nitrates | 3 (6%) | 6 (12%) | 4 (8%) | 5 (10%) |
| ARB’s | 19 (37%) | 16 (33%) | 15 (31%) | 20 (39%) |
| Peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 14.5 ± 2.9 | 14.5 ± 2.3 | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 14.3 ± 2.3 |
| Peak VO2 % of predicted | 58.1 ± 11.5 | 57.9 ± 9.2 | 58.9 ± 11.5 | 57.1 ± 9.2 |
| Peak VO2 (ml/min) | 1556 ± 347 | 1465 ± 268 | 1533 ± 346 | 1491 ± 279 |
| Peak RER | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.10 | 1.13 ± 0.09 | 1.11 ± 0.08 |
| Exercise time (min) | 10.0 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 10.3 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.3 |
| 6 minute walk (feet) | 1337 ± 270 | 1368 ± 201 | 1359 ± 234 | 1346 ± 245 |
| 6 minute walk % of predicted | 72.4 ± 14.6 | 74.1 ± 10.9 | 73.6 ± 12.7 | 72.9 ± 13.2 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or count (%), except for B-type natriuretic peptide which is presented as median (25th,75th percentile). Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association HF class; LV, left ventricular; EDV, end diastolic volume; e’, early mitral annulus velocity (septal); E, E-wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; RER, respiratory exchange ratio. Diastolic filling pattern determined according to ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) criteria. Peak VO2 and 6 minute walk % of predicted as compared to 60 healthy age and gender-matched sedentary controls (Stehle et al, J Gerontol Med Sci 2012; 11: 1212–1218).