Table 3.
Body Composition, Cardiac Function and Vascular Function by Factorial Group
| Variable | Exercise Factorial Groups | Diet Factorial Groups | Interaction between Exercise and Diet |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Baseline |
Exercise (n=46) |
No Exercise (n=46) |
Exercise Main Effect |
P- Value |
Diet (n=46) |
No Diet (n=46) |
Diet Main Effect |
P- Value |
||
| Body composition | Mean ± SD | FU LSMean (95% CI) |
FU LSMean (95% CI) |
Difference (95% CI) |
FU LSMean (95% CI) |
FU LSMean (95% CI) |
Difference (95% CI) |
P-Value | ||
| Weight (kg) | 106 ± 18 | 99 (97, 101) | 102 (100, 104) | −3 (−5, −1) | <0.0001 | 97 (95, 99) | 104 (102, 106) | −7 (−9, −5) | <0.0001 | 0.82 |
| DXA measurements | ||||||||||
| Total non-bone lean (kg) | 53 ± 9 | 51 (50, 52) | 52 (51, 53) | −1 (−1, 0) | 0.25 | 50 (49, 51) | 52 (51, 53) | −2 (−3, −1) | <0.0001 | 0.24 |
| Total fat (kg) | 47 ± 10 | 42 (41, 43) | 44 (43, 45) | −2 (−3, −1) | 0.001 | 41 (40, 42) | 46 (45, 47) | −5 (−6, −4) | <0.0001 | 0.67 |
| Total non-bone lean (%) | 52 ± 6 | 54 (53, 55) | 53 (53, 53) | 1 (0, 1) | 0.066 | 54 (53, 55) | 52 (51, 53) | 2 (1, 3) | <0.0001 | 0.23 |
| Total fat (%) | 45 ± 6 | 44 (43, 45) | 45 (44, 46) | −1 (−1, 0) | 0.057 | 43 (42, 44) | 46 (45, 47) | −2 (−3, −1) | <0.0001 | 0.24 |
| MRI measurements | ||||||||||
| Thigh subcut fat (cm2) | 165 ± 78 | 149 (145, 153) | 152 (148, 156) | −3 (−9, 3) | 0.26 | 143 (139, 147) | 159 (155, 163) | −16 (−22, −10) | <0.0001 | 0.13 |
| Thigh skeletal muscle (cm2) | 122 ± 26 | 117 (115, 119) | 118 (116, 120) | −2 (−4, 1) | 0.26 | 115 (113, 117) | 120 (118, 122) | −6 (−9, −3) | <0.0001 | 0.91 |
| Thigh IM fat (cm2) | 25 ± 9 | 24 (22, 26) | 25 (23, 27) | −1 (−2, 0) | 0.19 | 24 (22, 26) | 25 (23, 27) | −1 (−2, 1) | 0.31 | 0.40 |
| Thigh SM/IM fat ratio | 5.4 ± 2.4 | 5.6 (5.4, 5.8) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.7) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | 0.55 | 5.6 (5.4, 5.8) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.7) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | 0.53 | 0.25 |
| Abd subcut fat (cm2) | 378 ± 152 | 341 (329, 353) | 346 (336, 356) | −5 (−20, 11) | 0.55 | 321 (311, 331) | 372 (360, 384) | −51 (−66, −35) | <0.0001 | 0.86 |
| Abd visceral fat (cm2) | 213 ± 108 | 188 (180, 196) | 198 (190, 206) | −10 (−22, 2) | 0.11 | 180 (172, 188) | 211 (203, 219) | −31 (−43, −19) | <0.0001 | 0.88 |
| Epicardial fat (cm3) | 36 ± 17 | 38 (36, 40) | 36 (34, 38) | 2 (−2, 6) | 0.33 | 37 (35, 39) | 36 (32, 40) | 1 (−3, 5) | 0.66 | 0.54 |
| Pericardial fat (cm3) | 64 ± 41 | 55 (51, 59) | 58 (54, 62) | −3 (−9, 2) | 0.24 | 55 (51, 59) | 58 (54, 62) | −3 (−9, 3) | 0.31 | 0.23 |
| Cardiac function | ||||||||||
| MRI measurements | ||||||||||
| Mass (g) | 95 ± 19 | 94 (92, 96) | 92 (90, 94) | 3 (−1, 6) | 0.10 | 91 (89, 93) | 95 (93, 97) | −4 (−7, 0) | 0.034 | 0.10 |
| End diastolic volume (ml) | 122 ± 25 | 122 (118, 126) | 124 (120, 128) | −1 (−8, 6) | 0.84 | 124 (120, 128) | 122 (116, 128) | 2 (−5, 9) | 0.64 | 0.051 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 61 ± 6 | 61 (59, 63) | 61 (59, 63) | 0 (−2, 2) | 0.89 | 61 (59, 63) | 62 (60, 64) | −1 (−3, 1) | 0.53 | 0.04 |
| Variable | Exercise Factorial Groups | Diet Factorial Groups | Interaction between Exercise and Diet | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Baseline | Exercise (n=46) | No Exercise (n=46) | Exercise Main Effect | P-Value | Diet (n=46) | No Diet (n=46) | Diet Main Effect | P-Value | ||
| Cardiac function | Mean ± SD | FU LSMean (95% CI) | FU LSMean (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | FU LSMean (95% CI) | FU LSMean (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | P-Value | ||
| Echo-Doppler measurements | ||||||||||
| LV Mass (g) | 212 ± 59 | 213 (205, 221) | 208 (200, 216) | 5 (−6, 16) | 0.36 | 211 (203, 219) | 210 (202, 218) | 0 (−10, 11) | 0.93 | 0.71 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.55 (0.53, 0.57) | 0.56 (0.54, 0.58) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.25 | 0.54 (0.52, 0.56) | 0.57 (0.55, 0.59) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | 0.005 | 0.75 |
| LA Diameter (cm) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.75 | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 0 (0, 0.1) | 0.42 | 0.84 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.7 (4.5–4.9) | 4.8 (4.6, 5.0) | −0.02 (−0.41, 0.36) | 0.90 | 4.8 (4.6, 5.0) | 4.7 (4.5, 4.9) | 0.05 (−0.33, 0.43) | 0.78 | 0.42 |
| E/A ratio | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.73 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.014 | 0.13 |
| E’ (cm/s) | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 6.1 (5.7, 6.5) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.7) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.4) | 0.56 | 6.2 (5.8, 6.6) | 6.2 (5.8, 6.6) | 0.1 (−0.5, 0.6) | 0.82 | 0.76 |
| E/ e’ ratio | 13.0 ± 3.6 | 13.1 (12.1, 14.1) | 12.9 (11.9, 13.9) | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.6) | 0.80 | 13.3 (12.3, 14.3) | 12.7 (11.7, 13.7) | 0.6 (−0.8, 2.0) | 0.39 | 0.28 |
| Vascular function | ||||||||||
| Arterial stiffness (cm/s) | 1047 ± 291 | 994 (925, 1063) | 1009 (938, 1080) | −15 (−115, 85) | 0.77 | 977 (906, 1048) | 1026 (957, 1095) | −50 (−150, 51) | 0.34 | 0.77 |
Data are presented as overall baseline mean ± SD and LSMean (95% CI) at follow-up visit for each of the factorial groups with main effect and 95% CI. P-value represents comparison of least square means at final visit following adjustment for overall baseline values, gender, and beta-blocker use. Abbreviations: FU, follow-up; DXA, dual x-ray absorptiometry; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; subcut, subcutaneous; IM, intermuscular; SM, skeletal muscle; Abd, abdominal; LV, left ventricle; LA, left atrium; E/A, early to atrial filling velocity; e’, early mitral annulus velocity (septal). Relative wall thickness is the ratio of wall thickness divided by chamber size. Cardiac output measured by echo-Doppler LV outflow tract technique. Arterial stiffness determined using pulse wave velocity from carotid to femoral artery by Doppler.