Table 2.
Abnormalities in brain oscillations and lithium-induced EEG changes in patients with bipolar disorder
| Paradigm/frequency | Auditory oddball | Visual oddball | Resting-state EEG |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bipolar disorder | |||
| EP – ERP | ↓/→P300 magnitudes | ||
| ↓N200 magnitudes | |||
| Delta | ↓EP, ERO | ↑ | |
| Theta | ↓EP, ERO | ↑ | |
| Alpha | ↓EROa | ↑/↓ | |
| Beta | ↑EROa | ↑ | |
| Gamma | ↓EC, ERCb | ↑ | |
| Lithium EEG studies in bipolar disorder | |||
| EP – ERP | ↓EPa | ↑EP | |
| ↑P1-N1 of EP | |||
| →P300 | |||
| Delta | ↑EP | ↑ | |
| Theta | ↑EP | ↑ | |
| Alpha | ↑EP | ↑/↓ | |
| Beta | ↑ERO | ↑ERO | ↑ |
| Gamma | |||
Notes: No studies with MMN, ASSR, or sensory gating paradigms were detected regarding lithium.
a
In manic state,
b
in both manic and euthymic states.
Abbreviations: MMN, mismatch negativity; ASSR, auditory steady-state response; EEG, electroencephalography; EP, evoked potential; ERP, event-related potential; ERO, event-related oscillation; EC, evoked coherence; ERC, event-related coherence; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; →, not changed, normal results; P1, P100; N1, N100.