Fig. 4.

The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for the top genes by L^ex summed exon and L^tr transcript lengths. Accounted for are the genes that have the L^ex or L^tr metrics (considered separately) greater than the median by twice the standard deviation. The significantly enriched KEGG pathways are revealed via DAVID gene functional annotation server, taking Homo sapiens as a correction background. The outcomes are presented as a heatmap, grouped by the presence/absence in both L^ex and L^tr categories, with individual rows ranked by the lowest significance score in {L^ex, L^tr} pair for each row. The p ^EASE significance scores for the enrichment are shown in a -log ₁₀ scale (−log ₁₀ p ^EASE > 1.301 means p ^EASE < 0.05), with the original distribution histogram and colour coding shown at the lower-right corner. The notations in the brackets mark the pathways linked to cancer (+), neurological (*), cardiological (#) and other (**) multigenic pathological conditions. The full list of genes that appear in each enriched pathway can be found in Additional file 3