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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):35–45. doi: 10.1002/art.39259

Table 2.

Human rheumatic diseases associated with altered intestinal microbiome

Human Rheumatic Disease Technology employed Taxa/Molecule implicated Ref.
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) Anaerobic bacteria 53
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis 16S rRNA hybridization, and DNA-staining ↓Bifidobacteria
↓Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella 		54
New-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis 16S rRNA gene and WGS sequencing ↑Prevotella copri
↓Bacteroidetes 		55
Ankylosing spondylitis Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) ↑Sulfate-reducing bacteria 76
Ankylosing spondylitis 16S rRNA gene sequencing ↑Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae
↓Ruminococcaceae and Rikenellaceae 		77
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (enthesitis-related arthritis, ERA) 16S rRNA gene sequencing ↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 78
New-Onset Psoriatic Arthritis 16S rRNA gene sequencing ↓Akkermansia and Ruminococcus
↓Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs)
↓Intestinal RANKL 		79