Table 1.

The Risk of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Relating to Obesity in Various Studies Based on Obesity Status (Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference).

Study reference	Population studied (n)	Control (n)	Findings
Lee et al19	•WC ≥ 100 cm (119) •WC 90–99 cm (137)	•WC < 90 cm (153)	Higher WC related to worse BPH symptoms (OR = 1.68, P = 0.002)
Giovannucci et al45	•WC ≥ 109 cm (258)	•WC ≤ 89 cm (415)	Abdominal obesity associated with BPH (OR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.42–3.99
Wang et al48	•WC ≥ 90 cm (270)	•WC < 90 cm (216)	The only independent risk factor of BPH is abdominal overweight/obesity (OR 2.112, 95% CI 1.284–3.47, P = 0.003)
Rohrmann et al51	•WC > 102 cm (2,797)	•WC < 94 cm (not clearly mentioned)	Higher WC was more likely to have LUTS (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 0.87–2.54).
Parsons et al33	•BPH (91)	•Control (331)	Odds ratio for BPH •Overweight men (BMI, 25–29.9 kg/m2): 1.41 (95% CI, 0.84–2.37) •Obese men (BMI, 30–34 kg/m2): 1.27 (95% CI, 0.68–2.39) •Severely obese men (BMI > 35 kg/m2); 3.52 (95% CI, 1.45–8.56; P < 0.01)
Xie et al49	•BPH (317)	•Control (332)	•Overweight men increased risk of BPH (OR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.15–2.26) •Obese men (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.04–4.14) •The OR increased 1.12-fold per increase in 1 unit of BMI (95% CI 1.06–1.18)
Lee et al46	•Obese (58) •Overweight (38)	•Normal weight (50)	Higher BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) and central obesity were at significantly increased risk of BPH (OR = 4.88, P = 0.008)
Penson et al47	•Severely obese (942) •Obese (1,512) •Overweight (2,691)	•Normal weight (2,046)	Worsened BPH symptoms were significantly associated with a BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.17–1.63).

BMI, body mass index; BPH, benign prostate hyperplasia; CI, confidence interval; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; OR, odds ratio; WC, waist circumference.