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Module network of the core network biomarkers in Figure 4 to investigate the bladder carcinogenic mechanisms from stage 1 to stage 4 bladder cancer cells. The notations of gene/miRNA symbols and line styles are the same as those in Figure 4. The activated DNA repair of bladder cancer cells leads to metastasis owing to the immortality of cancer cells. The activated JUN in the TNF pathway induces cell proliferation, DNA repair, and metastasis in stage 4 bladder cancer cells.
