Table 3.
Evidence of associations between subjective and objective (endocrine and erythrocytes) measures
| Endocrine | Erythrocytes | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | T | T:C | E/NE | Pro | GH | ACTH | LH | Dop | IGF-1 | RBC | Hct | Hb | |
| POMS | |||||||||||||
| Total mood disturbance | xx | xxx | xxx | xx | x | x | x | − | − | − | |||
| Tension | xxx | xx | xx | xxx | x | x | x | − | − | − | − | ||
| Depression | xx | xx | xx | xxx | x | x | − | − | − | − | ? | ||
| Anger | xx | xx | xxx | ? | xxx | x | − | − | ? | ? | xxx | ||
| Confusion | xx | ?x | xx | xxx | x | x | x | − | − | − | ? | ||
| Vigour | ? | xx | ?x | ? | − | − | x | − | x | x | ? | ||
| Fatigue | xx | xx | xxx | xx | x | x | x | x | − | − | ? | ||
| RESTQ-S | |||||||||||||
| Recovery-Stress Index | xxx | xxx | x | x | x | − | x | − | ? | ? | |||
| Stress | ↓↓ | x | x | x | x | x | x | − | ? | ? | |||
| General stress | xx | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Emotional stress | xxx | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Social stress | xxx | x | − | ? | − | − | x | ? | xxx | ||||
| Conflicts/pressure | ? | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Fatigue | ? | ↓ | − | ↑ | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Lack of energy | ?x | xxx | x | x | x | x | − | ? | ? | ||||
| Physical symptoms | xxx | ? | x | xxx | x | x | − | ? | ? | ||||
| Injury | xxx | ↓ | x | x | x | x | ? | ?x | ? | ||||
| Emotional exhaustion | xxx | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Disturbed breaks | xx | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Recovery | ?x | ? | x | x | x | x | x | − | ? | ? | |||
| Social recovery | ? | ↑ | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Physical recovery | xx | xxx | x | x | x | x | − | ? | ? | ||||
| General well-being | xx | xxx | x | x | x | x | − | ? | ? | ||||
| Sleep quality | xxx | ↑ | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Success | xx | ↑ | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Being in shape | xxx | ? | x | x | x | x | x | xxx | ?x | ||||
| Personal accomplishment | xx | x | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Self-efficacy | xxx | ↓ | − | ? | − | − | − | − | ? | ||||
| Self-regulation | ? | x | − | ? | − | − | ? | − | xxx | ||||
| SFMS | |||||||||||||
| Overtraining score | ? | ? | ? | x | |||||||||
| DALDA | |||||||||||||
| Sources of stress | − | − | − | ||||||||||
| Symptoms of stress | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| n | 24 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Associations rated as positive (↑), negative (↓), not associated (x), conflicting findings (?), no change (–). Three symbols indicates strong evidence, two symbols for moderate evidence, and one symbol for limited evidence. Shading highlights strong (dark grey) and moderate (light grey) associations. Abbreviations for objective measures: cortisol (C), testosterone (T), epinephrine and norepinephrine (E/NE), prolactin (Pro), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinising hormone (LH), dopamine (Dop), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), erythrocytes (RBC), Haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb). n refers to number of contributing studies.
POMS, Profile of Mood States; RESTQ-S, Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes; SFMS, Societe Francaise de Medecine du Sport; DALDA, Daily Analyses of Life Demands of Athletes.