Table 4.
Evidence of associations between subjective and objective (immune, inflammation and muscle damage) measures
| Immune | Inflammation and muscle damage | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leuk | IgA | IgG | IL-1B | IL-6 | IL-8 | IL-10 | IL-12p70 | TNF-α | α-amylase | CRP | Ox. Stress | GSH: GSSG | Urea | Creatinine | CK | |
| POMS | ||||||||||||||||
| Total mood disturbance | xxx | ? | xxx | x | ? | x | x | x | xx | |||||||
| Tension | xxx | ? | x | x | x | ? | x | x | x | – | ||||||
| Depression | xxx | ? | x | x | x | ? | x | – | x | ? | ||||||
| Anger | xx | ? | x | x | – | ? | ? | – | x | ? | ||||||
| Confusion | xxx | ? | x | x | x | ? | x | xx | x | – | ||||||
| Vigour | ↑↑ | ? | ? | x | ↑ | xxx | ↓ | xxx | ↑ | ? | ||||||
| Fatigue | xx | ? | ? | ↑ | xxx | ? | x | xxx | ↑ | ? | ||||||
| RESTQ-S | ||||||||||||||||
| Recovery-Stress Index | xxx | x | – | x | ↓ | x | ?x | |||||||||
| Stress | xxx | ↓ | x | – | x | ↑ | x | ? | ||||||||
| General stress | xxx | ↓ | x | – | x | x | – | ↑↑ | ||||||||
| Emotional stress | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | ↑↑ | ||||||||
| Social stress | ? | x | ↑ | x | ↓ | x | – | ?↑ | ||||||||
| Conflicts/pressure | xxx | ↓ | x | – | x | x | – | ? | ||||||||
| Fatigue | xxx | ↓ | x | – | x | x | – | ↑↑ | ||||||||
| Lack of energy | xxx | ↓ | x | – | x | ↑ | x | ?x | ||||||||
| Physical symptoms | xxx | x | x | – | x | ↑ | x | ?↑ | ||||||||
| Injury | xxx | x | ↑ | x | ↑ | ↑ | x | ?↑ | ||||||||
| Emotional exhaustion | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | ↑↑ | ||||||||
| Disturbed breaks | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | ? | ||||||||
| Recovery | xxx | ↑ | x | – | x | ↓ | x | ? | ||||||||
| Social recovery | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | xx | ||||||||
| Physical recovery | xxx | ↑ | x | – | x | ↓ | x | ?↓ | ||||||||
| General well-being | xxx | ↑ | x | – | x | ↓ | x | ?↓ | ||||||||
| Sleep quality | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | ? | ||||||||
| Success | xxx | ↑ | x | – | x | x | – | xx | ||||||||
| Being in shape | xxx | ↑ | ↑ | x | ↓ | ↓ | x | ?↓ | ||||||||
| Personal accomplishment | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | xx | ||||||||
| Self–efficacy | xxx | x | x | – | x | x | – | ? | ||||||||
| Self–regulation | ? | ↑ | ? | x | ? | x | – | xxx | ||||||||
| DALDA | ||||||||||||||||
| Sources of stress | – | – | x | – | x | |||||||||||
| Symptoms of stress | x | x | ↑ | x | ↑ | |||||||||||
| STAI | ||||||||||||||||
| State anxiety | x | |||||||||||||||
| PSS | x | ↑ | x | x | x | ↑ | ||||||||||
| MTDS | ||||||||||||||||
| Total score | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Depressed mood | ↑ | ↑ | x | ↓ | x | ↑ | ||||||||||
| Perceived vigour | x | ↓ | x | ↑ | x | ↓ | ||||||||||
| Physical symptoms | x | ↓ | x | ↑ | x | x | ||||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | ↓ | ↑ | x | ↓ | x | ↑ | ||||||||||
| Perceived stress | ↑ | x | ↑ | x | ↑ | |||||||||||
| General fatigue | x | ↑ | x | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||||
| Mood | ||||||||||||||||
| All subscales | – | |||||||||||||||
| n | 6 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 10 |
Associations rated as positive (↑), negative (↓), not associated (x), conflicting findings (?), no change (–). Three symbols indicates strong evidence, two symbols for moderate evidence and one symbol for limited evidence. Shading highlights a moderate association. Abbreviations for objective measures: leukocytes (Leuk), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), immunoglobulin-G (IgG), interleukins (IL-), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C reactive protein (CRP), oxidative stress (Ox. stress), reduced-oxidised glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), creatine kinase (CK). n refers to number of contributing studies.
POMS, Profile of Mood States; RESTQ-S, Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes; DALDA, Daily Analyses of Life Demands of Athletes; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; MTDS, Multi-Component Training Distress Scale.