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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Feb 9;149:136–144. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.031

Table 4.

Comorbidity predictors of first treatment contact for substance use disorders (multivariable analyses).

Alcohol abuse (N = 5947) Alcohol dependence (N = 4863) Drug abuse (N = 3228) Drug dependence (N = 1062)
Variable AHR 95% CI AHR 95% CI AHR 95% CI AHR 95% CI
  Any alcohol abuse N/A N/A N/A 1.00 0.65 1.54 0.51 0.31 0.84 0.60 0.36 1.01
  Any alcohol dependence N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.62 0.47 0.82 0.59 0.45 0.77
  Any drug abuse 1.52 0.89 2.58 1.21 0.96 1.51 N/A N/A N/A 0.79 0.62 1.01
  Any drug dependence 0.85 0.24 3.05 1.24 0.91 1.69 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Nicotine dependence 0.85 0.55 1.31 1.08 0.90 1.29 1.23 0.86 1.77 0.87 0.66 1.16
Mood disorders
  Dysthymia 1.19 0.36 3.91 1.51 1.02 2.25 2.74 1.50 4.99 1.22 0.71 2.12
  MDD 1.67 1.06 2.64 1.08 0.77 1.52 0.97 0.62 1.51 0.76 0.50 1.16
  Bipolar disorder 3.95 2.26 6.92 1.45 1.09 1.94 1.36 0.80 2.33 1.27 0.89 1.82
Any anxiety disorder
  Generalized anxiety disorder 0.71 0.27 1.85 0.98 0.68 1.40 0.92 0.52 1.63 1.15 0.70 1.91
  Social anxiety disorder 0.51 0.17 1.57 0.98 0.75 1.27 0.82 0.45 1.46 0.65 0.43 1.01
  Panic disorder 0.37 0.11 1.25 1.14 0.76 1.69 0.98 0.51 1.89 1.12 0.73 1.72
  Specific phobia 0.48 0.25 0.93 0.91 0.72 1.14 1.22 0.79 1.88 1.39 0.95 2.04
  PTSD 1.22 0.56 2.68 1.43 1.05 1.96 1.02 0.56 1.86 0.79 0.45 1.40
Pathological gambling 3.13 0.43 23.01 0.71 0.23 2.22 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.56 0.25 1.25
ADHD 1.48 0.39 5.56 1.12 0.79 1.58 0.99 0.58 1.68 0.87 0.51 1.48
Any personality disorder
  Avoidant 0.90 0.36 2.24 0.98 0.68 1.42 1.22 0.60 2.46 1.59 1.01 2.52
  Dependant 0.74 0.08 6.45 1.90 1.09 3.33 0.26 0.03 2.50 0.73 0.30 1.77
  Obsessive–compulsive 0.94 0.57 1.54 0.78 0.60 1.02 0.95 0.58 1.57 0.73 0.45 1.18
  Paranoid 1.11 0.56 2.22 0.94 0.68 1.29 0.77 0.41 1.45 0.99 0.64 1.53
  Schizoid 1.08 0.52 2.25 1.04 0.75 1.43 1.95 1.20 3.16 1.29 0.82 2.05
  Schizotypical 0.86 0.48 1.54 0.94 0.71 1.25 0.64 0.36 1.13 0.83 0.57 1.22
  Narcissistic 0.51 0.29 0.90 0.90 0.68 1.20 0.88 0.56 1.40 0.91 0.64 1.32
  Borderline 1.33 0.77 2.31 1.15 0.89 1.48 1.49 0.99 2.24 1.18 0.79 1.77
  Histrionic 1.98 0.71 5.49 1.03 0.74 1.44 0.58 0.30 1.10 0.74 0.45 1.20
  Antisocial 1.20 0.76 1.90 1.06 0.84 1.33 0.93 0.64 1.36 0.50 0.35 0.72