Table 2.
Association between NDVI and reporting of depressive symptoms
| NDVI 100 m | NDVI 300 m | NDVI 500 m | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: Unadjusted† | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.01) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.03) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.82)*** | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.79)*** | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.80)*** |
| Quintile 4 | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.79)*** | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.82)*** | 0.73 (0.63 to 0.85)*** |
| Quintile 5 (greenest) | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.82)*** | 0.64 (0.55 to 0.75)*** | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.69)*** |
| Model 2: Adjusted for ethnicity‡ | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.04) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.05) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.08) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86)*** | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.87)*** | 0.77 (0.66 to 0.91)** |
| Quintile 4 | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.87)*** | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.90)** | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.92)** |
| Quintile 5 (greenest) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.90)** | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.84)*** | 0.66 (0.56 to 0.78)*** |
| Model 3: As model 2+demographics§ | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.02) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.08) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86)*** | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88)** | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.92)** |
| Quintile 4 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86)*** | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.89)** | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.92)** |
| Quintile 5 (greenest) | 0.76 (0.64 to 0.89)*** | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.87)*** | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.85)*** |
| Model 4: As model 3+socioeconomic indicators¶ | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.07) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.11) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.92)** | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.96)* | 0.84 (0.71 to 0.999)* |
| Quintile 4 | 0.78 (0.65 to 0.93)** | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98)* | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) |
| Quintile 5 (greenest) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98)* | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.98)* |
| Model 5: As model 4+health behaviours†† | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.06) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.91)** | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.95)* | 0.84 (0.71 to 0.996)* |
| Quintile 4 | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.92)** | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.97)* | 0.85 (0.71 to 1.00) |
| Quintile 5 (greenest) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98)* | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.67 to 0.98)* |
Odds radio and 95% CI reported; Quintile 1 (least green quintile) reference category.
Quintile 1 is the least green quintile, and serves as the reference category; quintile 5 is the most green quintile.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†n=7547.
‡Adjusted by ethnolanguage group.
§Model 2+age, parity, marital and cohabitation status.
¶Model 3+education, financial struggles, household size, IMD index of multiple deprivation.
††Model 4+smoking, alcohol use and physical activity.
NDVI, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index.