Table 3.
Nested Cox models predicting incident CKD-3b using the components of MetS with adjustments for demographicsa, lifestyle, and biomarkers for inflammation and insulin resistance
| Model 1: adjusted for demographics | Model 2: adjusted for model 1 and lifestyle | Model 3: adjusted for model 2 and HOMA-IR | Model 4: adjusted for model 2 and hsCRP | Model 5: adjusted for model 2, HOMA-IR, and hsCRP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated triglycerides | 1.99 (0.76–5.19), 0.162 | 2.49 (0.93–6.66), 0.069 | 2.38 (0.79–7.12), 0.122 | 2.48 (0.82–7.50), 0.109 | 2.01 (0.61–6.38), 0.244 |
| Reduced HDL-C | 1.53 (0.53–4.45), 0.436 | 1.33 (0.45–3.92), 0.601 | 1.65 (0.51–5.33), 0.401 | 1.66 (0.51–5.45), 0.402 | 1.49 (0.45–4.91), 0.517 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | 0.95 (0.34–2.69), 0.924 | 0.94 (0.33–2.67), 0.911 | 0.97 (0.33–2.92), 0.676 | 0.95 (0.32–2.83), 0.925 | 0.81 (0.25–2.62), 0.727 |
| High blood pressureb | – | – | – | – | – |
| Elevated waist circumference | 1.90 (0.74–4.89), 0.185 | 1.98 (0.76–5.17), 0.161 | 3.21 (1.06–9.77), 0.040 | 3.15 (1.03–9.67), 0.045 | 3.01 (0.97–9.26), 0.057 |
| Never smoked | – | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Past smoker | – | 1.01 (0.39–2.60), 0.948 | 1.00 (0.39–2.57), 0.999 | 0.89 (0.31–2.45), 0.815 | 0.88 (0.32–2.43), 0.799 |
| Current smoker | – | 27.68 (4.52–169.42), 0.000 | 25.63 (4.21–156.01), 0.000 | 32.76 (4.93–217.80), 0.000 | 29.69 (4.47–197.23), 0.000 |
| Monthly alcohol | – | 1.18 (0.25–5.56), 0.832 | 1.15 (0.25–5.38), 0.861 | 0.60 (0.08–4.82), 0.631 | 0.58 (0.07–4.71), 0.613 |
| HOMA-IR | – | – | 1.81 (0.34–9.56), 0.484 | – | 2.11 (0.36–12.42), 0.411 |
| hsCRP | – | – | – | 0.57 (0.18–1.18), 0.331 | 0.55 (0.17–1.81), 0.329 |
Values are HR (95% CI), p value. Italics indicate statistical significance. HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Demographics include age, sex, race, and education.
b
High blood pressure was not included, because the high proportion of individuals with high blood pressure caused errors in the models.