Table 3.

Comparison of clinical presentation for pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea vs adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pediatric Clostridium difficile infections vs adult Clostridium difficile infections

	Ped AAD	Ref.	Adult AAD	Ref.	Ped CDI	Ref.	Adult CDI	Ref.
Incubation period (mean days after antibiotic start or C. difficile positive)	2. 3 ± 1.1 d	Damrongmanee[76]	3.2 ± 2 d	Dietrich[23]	3 d	Mitchell[85]	2 d	McFarland[45]
	2.4 (1-8) d	Mitchell[85]	3.7 ± 2.6 d	Duman[158]	10 d	Pai[71]	6 d	Chang[86]
	4.0 ± 4.3 d	Corrêa[77]	7 d	Hickson[81]			10 d	James[197]
	4.9 ± 2.5 d	Shan[93]	8 d (1-30 d)	Lusk[36]			12 d	Figueroa[90]
	4.9 ± 3 d	Kotowska[157]	9 ± 1 d	Yapar[80]			13 d	Wenisch[102]
	5.3 ± 3.5 d	Turck[63]	16 d (6-60 d)	Pozzoni[160]
	6.2 ± 4.2 d	Ruszczyński[78]	18 d	McFarland[96]
Time of Onset (while on antibiotics vs delayed-onset post-antibiotic)	85% vs 15%	Turck[63]	26% vs 74%	Hickson[81]	80% vs 20%	Duleba[18]	23% vs 77%	Chang[86]
	92% vs 8%	Corrêa[77]	27% vs 73%	McFarland[96]
			38% vs 62%	Pozzoni[160]
			71% vs 29%	Can[79]
			75% vs 25%	Duman[158]
			85% vs 15%	Yapar[80]
Severity of disease
Duration	2.6 ± 1.1 d	Damrongmanee[76]	1-6 d	Allen[159]	2 d	Denno[97]	5.4 ± 1.8 d	Ouwehand[163]
(mean ± std. dev.) or median (range) days	3.9 ± 2.3 d	Destura[172]	2-25 d	McFarland[96]	2-9 d	McFarland[1]	6.6 d	Wenisch[102]
	4 ± 3 d	Turck[63]	3 (2-5) d	Pozzoni[160]	6 d	Crews[12]	13 ± 13 d	McFarland[89]
	4.1 ± 2.1 d	Ruszczyński[78]	4.4 ± 2.5 d	Dietrich[23]	7-8 d	Duleba[18]	13 ± 7.4 d	Morrow[198]
	5 ± 2.8 d	Corrêa[77]	4.9 ± 2 d	de Souza[139]			26 ± 56 d	Hsu[103]
	9 ± 1 d	Shan[93]	5.4 ± 1.8 d	Ouwehand[163]
			21.5 (1-72) d	Lusk[36]
Asymptomatic carriers	NR		NR		26%	Sandora[66]	6%	Jarvis[175]
					35%	Enoch[196]	9.4%	Bruns[199]
					45%	Rousseau[53]	9.7%	Leekha[200]
					67%	Delmée[49]	61%	McFarland[45]
Mild-moderate diarrhea	Most common		Most common		23%	Pai[71]	35%	McFarland[201]
					66%	Schwartz[176]	48%	Ramanathan[202]
					71%	Na[13]	59%	Jardin[206]
					72%	Wendt[4]	61%	Kyne[101]
					87%	Khanna[40]	61%	Bartlett[207]
Severe disease	Rare		16%	Gogate[94]	8%	Wendt[4]	3%	McFarland[201]
					12%	Khanna[40]	3%	Rubin[208]
					21%	Crews[12]	8%	Bartlett[207]
					27%	Schwartz[176]	9%	El Feghaly[182]
					76%	Pai[71]	16.4%	Pepin[106]
							18%	Wenisch[102]
							18%	See[185]
							34%	Khanna[209]
							47%	Jardin[206]
							52%	Ramanathan[202]
PMC	1 case	Vidrine[95]	1%	Lusk[36]	0.1%	Wendt[4]	0.1%	Wenisch[102]
					1.6%	Duleba[18]	1%	McFarland[201]
					4.9%	Kim[98]
Toxic megacolon	NR		NR		1 case	Castillo[99]	0.1%	Wenisch[102]
Fulminant disease	NR		NR		rare	Qualman[203]	2%	Dallal[108]
					n = 4	Rivlin[204]	4%	Sailhamer[210]
							6%	van de Wilden[211]
Recurrent disease	NR		28%	de Souza[139]	10%	Sandora[66]	18.8%	Wenisch[102]
					11%	Wendt[4]	21%	Vesteinsdottlir[73]
					16.5%	Crews[12]	22%	Eyre[118]
					17%	Nylund[181]	22%	Ramanathan[202]
					17%	Schwartz[176]	27%	McFarland[121]
					20%	Khanna[40]	29%	Wullt[122]
					22%	Nicholson[205]	29%	Khanna[17]
					24%	Kim[98]	36%	Drudy[212]
					31%	Morinville[100]	42%	McFarland[89]

References are given by last name of first author and citation number in brackets. AAD: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea; CDI: Clostridium difficile infections; NR: Not reported; PMC: Pseudomembraneous colitis.