. 2013 Jul 4;2(3):339–351. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics2030339

Table 2.

Studies showing no benefit of appropriate empiric antibiotics.

Reference	Population	Microbiological	Threshold	Number of	IEAT	AEAT	Mortality	p-value
Reference	Population	Confirmation	(cfu/mL)	Patients	Mortality	Mortality	Difference	p-value
Sanchez-Nieto et al., 1998 [24]	Trauma, Medical, Surgical	PSB or BAL	≥10³ or ≥10⁴ or ≥10⁵	38	43%	25%	18%	NS
Sanchez-Nieto et al., 1998 [24]	Trauma, Medical, Surgical	or EA	≥10³ or ≥10⁴ or ≥10⁵	38	43%	25%	18%	NS
Timsit et al., 2001 [25]	Medical, Surgical	PSB or BAL	≥10³ or ≥10⁴	47	33%	46%	13%	0.43
Dupont, 2001 [23]	Medical, Surgical	TPC or PSB	≥10³ or ≥10³ or ≥10⁴	111	60.7%	47.3%	13.4%	0.21
Dupont, 2001 [23]	Medical, Surgical	or BAL	≥10³ or ≥10³ or ≥10⁴	111	60.7%	47.3%	13.4%	0.21
Fowler et al., 2003 [26]	Medical, Surgical	EA	N/R	156	HR: 0.98 (0.45–2.15)
Mueller et al., 2003 [29]	Trauma	BAL	≥10⁵	82	8.8%	3.6%	5.2%	0.62
Magnotti et al., 2008 [27]	Trauma	BAL	≥10⁵	393	13%	12%	1%	NS
Piskin et al., 2012 [28]	General	BAL or EA	≥10⁴ or ≥10⁵	130	65.1%	72.7%	7.6%	0.497

IEAT, inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy; AEAT, appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy; cfu, colony forming units; PSB, protected specimen brushing; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; EA, endotracheal aspirate; TPC, telescopic plugged catheter; N/R, not reported; HR, hazards ratio.