Table 2.

Features of GPA resistance in enterococci. PG, peptidoglycan.

Microorganisms	GPA Resistance Phenotype	Level of Resistance	MIC (mg/L) of GPAs	Location of van Genes	Transcription of van Genes	C-terminal of Modified PG Target	References
E. faecalis E. faecium	VanA	High	Vancomycin 64–100 Teicoplanin 16–512	Plasmid Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Lac	[44,45,46]
E. faecalis E. faecium	VanB	Variable	Vancomycin 4–1000 Teicoplanin 0.5–1	Plasmid Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Lac	[33,36,44]
E. gallinarum E. casseliflavus E. flavescens	VanC	Intrinsic resistance, low level	Vancomycin 2–32 Teicoplanin 0.5–1	Chromosome	Constitutive	d-Ala-d-Ser	[33,49,54]
E. faecalis E. faecium	VanD	Moderate	Vancomycin 64–128 Teicoplanin 4–64	Chromosome	Constitutive	d-Ala-d-Lac	[33,53]
E. faecalis	VanE	Low	Vancomycin 8–32 Teicoplanin 0.5	Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Ser	[33]
E. faecalis E. faecium	VanG	Low	Vancomycin 16 Teicoplanin 0.5	Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Ser	[33]
E. faecalis	VanL	Low	Vancomycin 8 Teicoplanin susceptible	Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Ser	[54]
E. faecium	VanM	Variable	Vancomycin > 256 Teicoplanin 0.75	Plasmid Chromosome	Inducible	d-Ala-d-Lac	[56]
E. faecium	VanN	Low	Vancomycin 16 Teicoplanin 0.5	Plasmid	Constitutive	d-Ala-d-Ser	[55,57]