Table 2.
Microorganisms | GPA Resistance Phenotype | Level of Resistance | MIC (mg/L) of GPAs | Location of van Genes | Transcription of van Genes | C-terminal of Modified PG Target | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. faecalis E. faecium |
VanA | High | Vancomycin 64–100 Teicoplanin 16–512 |
Plasmid Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Lac | [44,45,46] |
E. faecalis E. faecium |
VanB | Variable | Vancomycin 4–1000 Teicoplanin 0.5–1 |
Plasmid Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Lac | [33,36,44] |
E. gallinarum E. casseliflavus E. flavescens |
VanC | Intrinsic resistance, low level | Vancomycin 2–32 Teicoplanin 0.5–1 |
Chromosome | Constitutive | d-Ala-d-Ser | [33,49,54] |
E. faecalis E. faecium |
VanD | Moderate | Vancomycin 64–128 Teicoplanin 4–64 |
Chromosome | Constitutive | d-Ala-d-Lac | [33,53] |
E. faecalis | VanE | Low | Vancomycin 8–32 Teicoplanin 0.5 |
Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Ser | [33] |
E. faecalis E. faecium |
VanG | Low | Vancomycin 16 Teicoplanin 0.5 |
Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Ser | [33] |
E. faecalis | VanL | Low | Vancomycin 8 Teicoplanin susceptible |
Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Ser | [54] |
E. faecium | VanM | Variable | Vancomycin > 256 Teicoplanin 0.75 |
Plasmid Chromosome | Inducible | d-Ala-d-Lac | [56] |
E. faecium | VanN | Low | Vancomycin 16 Teicoplanin 0.5 |
Plasmid | Constitutive | d-Ala-d-Ser | [55,57] |