Table 3.
Features of GPA-resistance in actinomycetes.
| Microorganisms | Produced GPA | MIC (mg/L) of GPAs | Location of vanHAX Genes | Transcription of vanHAX Genes | C-terminal 1 of PG Target in Absence of Inducer | C-terminal 1 of PG Target in Presence of Inducer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Streptomyces coelicolor | none | Vancomycin >100 Teicoplanin <0.5 |
Chromosome | Inducible by vancomycin | d-Ala-d-Ala | d-Ala-d-Lac | [47,78,79,80] |
| Streptomyces toyocaensis | A47934 | Vancomycin <0.25 Teicoplanin <0.25 A47934 >5 |
Chromosome, A47934 Cluster | Inducible by A47934 | d-Ala-d-Ala | d-Ala-d-Lac | [47,68,72,74] |
| Actinoplanes teichomyceticus | Teicoplanin | Vancomycin 90 Teicoplanin 25 |
Chromosome, tei Cluster | Constitutive | d-Ala-d-Lac | d-Ala-d-Lac | [69,70,75,76] |
| Amycolatopsis balhimycin | Balhimycin | Vancomycin n.r.2 Teicoplanin n.r.2 Balhimycin >100 |
Chromosome, out of bal Cluster | Constitutive | d-Ala-d-Lac | d-Ala-d-Lac | [71] |
| Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 | A40926 | Vancomycin 30 Teicoplanin 0.9 A40926 4 |
n.d. 3 | Inducible by A40926 | d-Ala 4 | d-Ala 4 | [81,82] |
1 In all of the strains (except Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727), the reported C-terminus indicates the terminal dipeptide or the depsipeptide in the pentapeptide stem of the PG precursor; 2 n.r., not reported. 3 n.d., not detectable: vanHAX genes have not been found in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 [80]. 4 In Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727, the predominant PG precursor is the tetrapeptide UDP-MurNAc-l-Ala-d-Glu-meso-Dap-d-Ala.