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. 2015 Jul;13(4):494–504. doi: 10.2174/1570159X1304150831150507

Table 1.

Animal models and involved factors discussed in brief.

Model Triggers Involved Symptoms Related Factors Acute /Chronic Refs.
Forced swimming test Waters immersion Behavioral desperation HPA axis, corticosterone Acute [21a]
Learned helplessness test Inescapable foot shock Behavioral desperation LHb, VTA, serotonin, dorsal raphe nucleus, CRF Chronic [21b, 22]
Social defeat stress Aggressive counterpart Social avoidance BDNF, VTA mPFC, ΔFosB Chronic [21b, 23]
Reward based tests Food (sucrose), sex, drugs Anhedonia VTA, NAc, PFC, amygdala, Hippocampus, Chronic [24]
Tail-suspension test (in mice only) Restraints Behavioral desperation HPA axis Acute [21a]
Early life stress Maternal separation, prenatal stress Social relationship disruption HPA axis Hippocampus, serotonin Chronic [25]
Olfactory bulbectomy Lesion Irritability IL-1β, TNF-α, HPA axis, hippocampus Chronic [26]
Hyponeophagia Novel environment Reduced appetite Hippocampus Chronic [27]
Chronic unpredictable stress Unpredictable physical factors Anergia, anhedonia HPA axis, SNS, Lipid peroxidation Chronic [28]

Abbreviation in the table: ΔFosB, a highly stable isoform of FosB which is a component of transcription factor-activator protein-1 (AP-1); BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CRF, corticotrophin releasing factor; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; LHb, lateral hebenula; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VTA, ventral tegmental area.