Table I.
Descriptive statistics by wave and treatment status
| Variables | Full Sample | Pre-treatment year (wave 2005) |
Post-treatment year (wave 2008) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treated (N=1870) |
Control (N=1096) |
Treated (N=1870) |
Control (N=1096) |
||
| (N=6598) | (N=2252) | (N=1047) | (N=2252) | (N=1047) | |
| Panel 1: Health outcomes | |||||
| Self-reported health is good | 0.48 (0.50) |
0.52 (0.50) |
0.51 (0.50) |
0.44 (0.50) |
0.45 (0.50) |
| No ADL limitation | 0.87 (0.34) |
0.89 (0.31) |
0.89 (0.31) |
0.86*** (0.35) |
0.82 (0.38) |
| MMSE score | 22.89 (8.60) |
24.45*** (7.13) |
23.47 (7.85) |
22.17*** (9.27) |
20.51 (9.87) |
| Cognitive function is good | 0.65 (0.48) |
0.72*** (0.45) |
0.68 (0.47) |
0.63*** (0.48) |
0.54 (0.50) |
| Had serious illness in the preceding two years | 0.15 (0.36) |
0.15 (0.35) |
0.16 (0.37) |
0.16 (0.37) |
0.15 (0.36) |
| Bedridden days in the preceding two years | 6.84 (42.64) |
7.21 (46.30) |
6.37 (31.32) |
5.74* (36.13) |
8.91 (55.29) |
| Measured hypertension at interview | 0.39 (0.49) |
0.40* (0.49) |
0.43 (0.50) |
0.35*** (0.48) |
0.42 (0.49) |
| Panel 2: Perceived access to health care | |||||
| Get adequate medical care when sick | 0.87 (0.33) |
0.85 (0.35) |
0.85 (0.36) |
0.91*** (0.29) |
0.85 (0.36) |
| Fail to get necessary care due to costs | 0.08 (0.27) |
0.10 (0.29) |
0.10 (0.29) |
0.05*** (0.22) |
0.07 (0.26) |
| Panel 3: Health spending (deflated to the 2005 price level, RMB) | |||||
| Total medical expenditure | 872.36 (2409.61) |
694.34 (1972.18) |
763.36 (1839.01) |
985.34 (2675.74) |
1125.71 (3056.9) |
| Out-of-pocket medical expenditure | 815.47 (2242.14) |
673.67 (1929.05) |
746.87 (1831.17) |
862.81** (2293.85) |
1094.5 (2996.69) |
| Panel 4: Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics | |||||
| Age | 83.05 (11.05) |
81.20** (10.99) |
82.03 (10.75) |
84.34** (11.00) |
85.22 (10.80) |
| Male | 0.42 (0.49) |
0.42 (0.49) |
0.43 (0.50) |
0.42 (0.49) |
0.43 (0.49) |
| Married | 0.35 (0.48) |
0.40*** (0.49) |
0.33 (0.47) |
0.33** (0.47) |
0.30 (0.46) |
| Years of schooling | 1.39 (2.51) |
1.39 (2.46) |
1.39 (2.63) |
1.39 (2.46) |
1.39 (2.63) |
| Had a white-collar job before age 60 | 0.02 (0.15) |
0.02* (0.14) |
0.03 (0.16) |
0.02* (0.14) |
0.03 (0.16) |
| Household income per capita | 8994.61 (21029.08) |
9087.27*** (23226.14) |
14640.8 (29555.5) |
6291.42*** (13457.46) |
8982.67 (17861.07) |
| Exercising regularly | 0.24 (0.43) |
0.25 (0.43) |
0.22 (0.42) |
0.24 (0.42) |
0.25 (0.44) |
| # of adult children | 3.89 (1.88) |
4.01*** (1.90) |
3.63 (1.91) |
3.98*** (1.85) |
3.68 (1.81) |
| Co-reside with adult children | 0.58 (0.49) |
0.59 (0.49) |
0.57 (0.50) |
0.60*** (0.49) |
0.54 (0.50) |
Notes: t-test was applied for pairwise comparisons of the treated and control groups in each wave.
***
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05,
*
p <0.1.