. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 14.

Published in final edited form as: Informatics (MDPI). 2014 May 30;1(1):72–99. doi: 10.3390/informatics1010072

Table 1.

Labeling Agent	Modality	Half-Life	Pre-Clinical	Clinical (FDA approved)
⁹⁹Technetium	SPECT	6 hours	✓	✓
⁸⁹Zirconium	PET	3.3 days	✓	✓
^{67 or 68}Gallium salts	PET, SPECT	3.26 days; 68 minutes	✓	✓
¹¹¹Indium	SPECT	2.8 days	✓	✓
⁶⁴Copper	PET	12.7 hours	✓	✓
¹⁸Fluorine	PET	109.8 minutes	✓	✓
^{123, 124, 125,131}Iodine	PET, SPECT	13.3 hours; 4.18 days; 59.4 days; 8 days	✓	✓
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO)	MRI	NA	✓	✓
Cross linked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO)	MRI	NA	✓	✓
Monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)	MRI	NA	✓	✓
Gadolinium-Chelator (DOTA, DPTA, etc.)	MRI	1.5 hours	✓	✓
Colloidal Quantum Dots	Optical	NA	✓	×
Near Infrared Fluorophore (NIRF) (Indocyanine green)	Optical	150-180 seconds (blood)	✓	✓
NIRF (Cyanine5,5.5,7; AlexaFluor dyes)	Optical	NA	✓	×
Bioluminescence	Optical	NA	✓	×