Table 2. Distribution of protozoan infections among schoolchildren in Tripoli according to risk factors.
| Blastocystis spp. | Dientamoeba fragilis | Giardia duodenalis | Cryptosporidium spp. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | Prevalence *% (N) | P-value; OR (IC95%) | Prevalence *% (N) | P-value; OR (IC95%) | Prevalence *% (N) | P-value; OR (IC95%) | Prevalence *% (N) | P-value; OR (IC95%) | |
| Age | < 5 years | 61.5% (8/13) | 1.0; 0.93 [0.3–2.9] | 53.8% (7/13) | 0.77; 0.74 [0.2–2.3] | 23.1% (3/13) | 0.76; 0.74 [0.2–2.8] | 38.4% (5/13) | 0.006; 6.4 [1.9–21.3] |
| ≥ 5 years | 63.1% (149/236) | 61% (144/236) | 28.8% (68/236) | 8.9% (21/236) | |||||
| Sex | Male | 66.4% (99/149) | 0.18; 1.4 [0.9–2.4] | 63.1% (94/149) | 0.34; 1.3 [0.8–2.2] | 31.5% (47/149) | 0.20; 1.5 [0.8–2.6] | 10.7% (16/149) | 0.85; 1.1 [0.5–2.5] |
| Female | 58% (58/100) | 57% (57/100) | 24% (24/100) | 10% (10/100) | |||||
| Socioeconomic status | Low | 66.2% (104/157) | 0.18; 1.4 [0.8–2.4] | 63.7% (100/157) | 0.23; 1.4 [0.8–2.4] | 36.3% (57/157) | <0.001; 3.2 [1.6–6.1] | 10.8% (17/157) | 0.83; 1.1 [0.5–2.6] |
| High | 57.6% (53/92) | 55.4% (51/92) | 15.2% (14/92) | 9.8% (9/92) | |||||
| Contact with animals | Yes | 36.8% (7/19) | 0.01; 0.3 [0.1–0.8] | 57.9% (11/19) | 0.80; 0.9 [0.3–2.3] | 15.8% (3/19) | 0.20; 0.4 [0.1–1.6] | 15.8% (3/19) | 0.43; 1.7 [0.5–6.2] |
| No | 65.2% (150/230) | 60.9% (140/230) | 29.6% (68/230) | 10% (23/230) | |||||
| Raw fruit and vegetable consumption | Yes | 64.6% (126/195) | 0.33; 1.4 [0.7–2.5] | 62.1% (121/195) | 0.39; 1.3 [0.7–2.4] | 32.3% (63/195) | 0.01; 2.7 [1.2–6.2] | 9.7% (19/195) | 0.49; 0.7 [0.3–1.8] |
| No | 57.4% (31/54) | 55.6% (30/54) | 14.8% (8/54) | 13% (7/54) | |||||
| Treated water supply in household | Yes | 58.3% (35/60) | 0.38; 0.8 [0.4–1.4] | 56.7% (34/60) | 0.47; 0.8 [0.4–1.5] | 13.3% (8/60) | 0.003; 0.3 [0.1–0.7] | 13.3% (8/60) | 0.40; 1.5 [0.6–3.6] |
| No | 64.6% (122/189) | 61.9% (117/189) | 33.3% (63/189) | 9.5% (18/189) | |||||
| Members of the same household with gastrointestinal symptoms | Yes | 72.8% (56/77) | 0.03; 1.9 [1.0–3.4] | 72.8% (56/77) | 0.01; 2.2 [1.2–3.9] | 51.9% (40/77) | <0.001; 4.9 [2.7–8.9] | 14.3% (11/77) | 0.18; 1.7 [0.8–4.0] |
| No | 58.7% (101/172) | 55.2% (95/172) | 18% (31/172) | 8.7% (15/172) | |||||
| Digestive symptoms | Yes | 68.8% (86/125) | 0.06; 1.6 [0.9–2.7] | 64% (80/125) | 0.27; 1.3 [0.8–2.2] | 42.4% (53/125) | <0.001; 4.3 [2.8–8.0] | 15.2% (19/125) | 0.01; 3.0 [1.2–7.4] |
| No | 57.3% (71/124) | 57.3% (71/124) | 14.5% (18/124) | 5.6% (7/124) | |||||
| Abdominal pain | Yes | 71.1% (81/114) | 0.02; 1.9 [1.1–3.2] | 65.8% (75/114) | 0.13; 1.5 [0.9–2.5] | 44.7% (51/114) | <0.001; 4.7 [2.6–8.5] | 13.2% (15/114) | 0.20; 1.7 [0.8–3.9] |
| No | 56.3% (76/135) | 56.3% (76/135) | 14.8% (20/135) | 8.1% (11/135) | |||||
| Diarrhea | Yes | 71.4% (45/63) | 0.11; 1.7 [0.9–3.1] | 60.3% (38/63) | 0.95; 1.0 [0.5–1.8] | 42.9% (27/63) | 0.004; 2.4 [1.3–4.4] | 22.2% (14/63) | <0.001; 1.7 [0.8–3.9] |
| No | 60.2% (112/186) | 60.8% (113/186) | 23.7% (44/186) | 6.5% (12/186) | |||||
| Fever | Yes | 46.2% (6/13) | 0.24; 0.5 [0.2–1.5] | 53.8% (7/13) | 0.61; 0.7 [0.2–2.3] | 46.2% (6/13) | 0.2; 2.3 [0.7–7.0] | 38.5% (5/13) | 0.006; 6.4 [1.9–21.3] |
| No | 64% (151/236) | 61% (144/236) | 27.5% (65/236) | 8.9% (21/236) | |||||
| Vomiting | Yes | 63% (17/27) | 0.99; 1.0 [0.4–2.3] | 59.3% (16/27) | 0.88; 0.9 [0.4–2.1] | 37% (10/27) | 0.37; 1.6 [0.7–3.6] | 14.8% (4/27) | 0.50; 1.6 [0.5–5.0] |
| No | 63.1% (140/222) | 60.8% (135/222) | 27.5% (61/222) | 9.9% (22/222) | |||||
*: Diagnosis by molecular biology (nested PCR and real-time PCR)