Table 3.
Depression | Antisocial behavior |
Alcohol use | |
---|---|---|---|
Risk and protective factors by domain | β(SE) | β(SE) | Odds Ratio |
Peer-individual risk factors | |||
Rebelliousness | 0.382(0.038)* | 0.798(0.031)* | 2.858* |
Attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.296(0.027)*F | 0.611(0.019)*F | 2.883* |
Attitudes favorable to drug use | 0.279(0.026)*F | 0.538(0.016)*F | 3.501* |
Low perceived risk of drug use | 0.229(0.047)* | 0.573(0.037)* | 3.117* |
Friends’ drug use | 0.265(0.027)* | 0.61(0.018)*F | 3.297* |
Rewards for antisocial involvement | 0.199(0.026)* | 0.43(0.018)*F | 2.054* |
Intention to use drugs | 0.311(0.027)* | 0.592(0.021)*F | 4.212* |
Interaction with antisocial peers | 0.263(0.03)*F | 0.586(0.016)*F | 2.560* |
Peer-individual protective factors | |||
Religious attendance | −0.094(0.036)* | −0.187(0.029)* | 0.760* |
Social skills | −0.351(0.032)*M | −0.969(0.028)*M | 0.159* |
Belief in the moral order | −0.383(0.042)* | −0.837(0.032)* | 0.255* |
Interaction with prosocial peers | −0.298(0.036)*M | −0.583(0.039)*M | 0.391* |
Prosocial involvement | −0.151(0.043)* | −0.213(0.043)* | 0.602* |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.137(0.031)* | −0.328(0.03)*M | 0.670* |
Family risk factors | |||
Poor family management | 0.357(0.033)*F | 0.675(0.026)*F | 2.838* |
Family conflict | 0.422(0.027)* | 0.478(0.027)* | 1.857* |
Family history of antisocial behavior | 0.422(0.027)* | 0.817(0.032)*F | 4.043* |
Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use | 0.327(0.043)* | 0.621(0.025)* | 4.470* |
Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.236(0.029)* | 0.514(0.021)*F | 2.489* |
Family history of substance use | 0.416(0.049)* | 0.75(0.047)* | 2.469* |
Family protective factors | |||
Opportunities for prosocial involvement | −0.344(0.027)*M | −0.396(0.024)*M | 0.593*M |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.417(0.041)* | −0.443(0.032)*M | 0.577* |
Attachment | −0.347(0.042)* | −0.404(0.033)*M | 0.587* |
School risk factors | |||
Academic failure | 0.27(0.026)* | 0.444(0.025)*F | 1.672* |
Low commitment to school | 0.526(0.049)*F | 0.797(0.038)*F | 3.146* |
School protective factors | |||
Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.241(0.049)* | −0.372(0.037)*M | 0.507* |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.247(0.032)*F | −0.479(0.035)*M | 0.407* |
Community risk factors | |||
Low neighborhood attachment | 0.213(0.04)* | 0.269(0.031)*F | 1.366* |
Laws and norms favorable to drug use | 0.256(0.043)* | 0.698(0.033)*F | 2.889* |
Perceived availability of drugs | 0.266(0.039)* | 0.647(0.028)* | 2.829* |
Community protective factors | |||
Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.293(0.032)*M | −0.467(0.04)*M | 0.538*M |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.222(0.028)* | −0.338(0.029)*M | 0.638* |
Note. All tests account for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education and are adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg Adjustment.
F = Effect is significantly stronger among females, and M = Effect is significantly stronger among males, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments.