Table 3.
Risk and protective factors in eighth grade and eighth-grade depression, alcohol use, and antisocial behavior
| Depression | Antisocial behavior |
Alcohol use | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk and protective factors by domain | β(SE) | β(SE) | Odds Ratio |
| Peer-individual risk factors | |||
| Rebelliousness | 0.382(0.038)* | 0.798(0.031)* | 2.858* |
| Attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.296(0.027)*F | 0.611(0.019)*F | 2.883* |
| Attitudes favorable to drug use | 0.279(0.026)*F | 0.538(0.016)*F | 3.501* |
| Low perceived risk of drug use | 0.229(0.047)* | 0.573(0.037)* | 3.117* |
| Friends’ drug use | 0.265(0.027)* | 0.61(0.018)*F | 3.297* |
| Rewards for antisocial involvement | 0.199(0.026)* | 0.43(0.018)*F | 2.054* |
| Intention to use drugs | 0.311(0.027)* | 0.592(0.021)*F | 4.212* |
| Interaction with antisocial peers | 0.263(0.03)*F | 0.586(0.016)*F | 2.560* |
| Peer-individual protective factors | |||
| Religious attendance | −0.094(0.036)* | −0.187(0.029)* | 0.760* |
| Social skills | −0.351(0.032)*M | −0.969(0.028)*M | 0.159* |
| Belief in the moral order | −0.383(0.042)* | −0.837(0.032)* | 0.255* |
| Interaction with prosocial peers | −0.298(0.036)*M | −0.583(0.039)*M | 0.391* |
| Prosocial involvement | −0.151(0.043)* | −0.213(0.043)* | 0.602* |
| Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.137(0.031)* | −0.328(0.03)*M | 0.670* |
| Family risk factors | |||
| Poor family management | 0.357(0.033)*F | 0.675(0.026)*F | 2.838* |
| Family conflict | 0.422(0.027)* | 0.478(0.027)* | 1.857* |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | 0.422(0.027)* | 0.817(0.032)*F | 4.043* |
| Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use | 0.327(0.043)* | 0.621(0.025)* | 4.470* |
| Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.236(0.029)* | 0.514(0.021)*F | 2.489* |
| Family history of substance use | 0.416(0.049)* | 0.75(0.047)* | 2.469* |
| Family protective factors | |||
| Opportunities for prosocial involvement | −0.344(0.027)*M | −0.396(0.024)*M | 0.593*M |
| Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.417(0.041)* | −0.443(0.032)*M | 0.577* |
| Attachment | −0.347(0.042)* | −0.404(0.033)*M | 0.587* |
| School risk factors | |||
| Academic failure | 0.27(0.026)* | 0.444(0.025)*F | 1.672* |
| Low commitment to school | 0.526(0.049)*F | 0.797(0.038)*F | 3.146* |
| School protective factors | |||
| Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.241(0.049)* | −0.372(0.037)*M | 0.507* |
| Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.247(0.032)*F | −0.479(0.035)*M | 0.407* |
| Community risk factors | |||
| Low neighborhood attachment | 0.213(0.04)* | 0.269(0.031)*F | 1.366* |
| Laws and norms favorable to drug use | 0.256(0.043)* | 0.698(0.033)*F | 2.889* |
| Perceived availability of drugs | 0.266(0.039)* | 0.647(0.028)* | 2.829* |
| Community protective factors | |||
| Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.293(0.032)*M | −0.467(0.04)*M | 0.538*M |
| Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.222(0.028)* | −0.338(0.029)*M | 0.638* |
Note. All tests account for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education and are adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg Adjustment.
F = Effect is significantly stronger among females, and M = Effect is significantly stronger among males, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments.