Table 4.
Depression | Antisocial behavior |
Alcohol use | |
---|---|---|---|
Risk and protective factors by domain | β(SE) | β(SE) | Odds Ratio |
Peer-individual risk factors | |||
Rebelliousness | 0.197(0.029)* | 0.549(0.032)* | 2.100* |
Attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.124(0.027)* | 0.452(0.021)*M | 1.840* |
Attitudes favorable to drug use | 0.136(0.026)* | 0.443(0.018)* | 2.088* |
Low perceived risk of drug use | 0.153(0.045)* | 0.476(0.04)* | 2.042* |
Friends’ drug use | 0.109(0.028)* | 0.443(0.02)* | 2.042* |
Rewards for antisocial involvement | 0.079(0.025)* | 0.333(0.02)* | 1.510* |
Intention to use drugs | 0.202(0.037)* | 0.458(0.025)* | 2.096* |
Interaction with antisocial peers | 0.127(0.031)* | 0.427(0.018)*M | 1.982* |
Peer-individual protective factors | |||
Religious attendance | −0.078(0.024)* | −0.093(0.029)* | 0.831 |
Social skills | −0.207(0.031)*F | −0.688(0.03)* | 0.388* |
Belief in the moral order | −0.141(0.041)* | −0.663(0.036)* | 0.444* |
Interaction with prosocial peers | −0.221(0.046)* | −0.419(0.043)* | 0.544* |
Prosocial involvement | −0.099(0.04) | −0.127(0.044) | 0.899 |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.103(0.029)* | −0.251(0.032)* | 0.825* |
Family risk factors | |||
Poor family management | 0.233(0.032)* | 0.517(0.029)* | 2.192* |
Family conflict | 0.266(0.027)* | 0.370(0.028)* | 1.468* |
Family history of antisocial behavior | 0.21(0.036)* | 0.662(0.034)* | 2.826* |
Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use | 0.192(0.044)* | 0.459(0.031)* | 2.337* |
Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior | 0.149(0.04)* | 0.345(0.026)* | 1.536* |
Family history of substance use | 0.25(0.047)* | 0.586(0.049)* | 1.631* |
Family protective factors | |||
Opportunities for prosocial involvement | −0.276(0.025)* | −0.312(0.036)* | 0.685* |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.322(0.036)* | −0.312(0.036)* | 0.695* |
Attachment | −0.303(0.037)* | −0.362(0.035)* | 0.690* |
School risk factors | |||
Academic failure | 0.194(0.025)* | 0.144(0.028)*M | 1.634* |
Low commitment to school | 0.27(0.038)* | 0.524(0.04)* | 2.192* |
School protective factors | |||
Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.163(0.044)* | −0.192(0.042)* | 0.751* |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.175(0.043)* | −0.209(0.038)* | 0.682* |
Community risk factors | |||
Low neighborhood attachment | 0.166(0.034)* | 0.154(0.034)* | 1.293* |
Laws and norms favorable to drug use | 0.191(0.044)* | 0.49(0.037)* | 2.214* |
Perceived availability of drugs | 0.138(0.029)* | 0.192(0.035)* | 1.848* |
Community protective factors | |||
Opportunity for prosocial involvement | −0.234(0.041)* | −0.283(0.042)* | 0.674* |
Rewards for prosocial involvement | −0.181(0.026)* | −0.239(0.03)* | 0.645* |
Note. All tests account for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education and are adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg Adjustment.
F = Effect is significantly stronger among females, and M = Effect is significantly stronger among males, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments.