. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 14.

Published in final edited form as: J Community Psychol. 2014 Jun 11;42(5):621–638. doi: 10.1002/jcop.21642

Table 4.

Risk and protective factors in 8^th grade and 10th-grade depression, alcohol use, and antisocial behavior

	Depression	Antisocial behavior	Alcohol use
Risk and protective factors by domain	β(SE)	β(SE)	Odds Ratio
Peer-individual risk factors
Rebelliousness	0.197(0.029)^*	0.549(0.032)^*	2.100^*
Attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior	0.124(0.027)^*	0.452(0.021)^*^M	1.840^*
Attitudes favorable to drug use	0.136(0.026)^*	0.443(0.018)^*	2.088^*
Low perceived risk of drug use	0.153(0.045)^*	0.476(0.04)^*	2.042^*
Friends’ drug use	0.109(0.028)^*	0.443(0.02)^*	2.042^*
Rewards for antisocial involvement	0.079(0.025)^*	0.333(0.02)^*	1.510^*
Intention to use drugs	0.202(0.037)^*	0.458(0.025)^*	2.096^*
Interaction with antisocial peers	0.127(0.031)^*	0.427(0.018)^*^M	1.982^*
Peer-individual protective factors
Religious attendance	−0.078(0.024)^*	−0.093(0.029)^*	0.831
Social skills	−0.207(0.031)^*^F	−0.688(0.03)^*	0.388^*
Belief in the moral order	−0.141(0.041)^*	−0.663(0.036)^*	0.444^*
Interaction with prosocial peers	−0.221(0.046)^*	−0.419(0.043)^*	0.544^*
Prosocial involvement	−0.099(0.04)	−0.127(0.044)	0.899
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.103(0.029)^*	−0.251(0.032)^*	0.825^*
Family risk factors
Poor family management	0.233(0.032)^*	0.517(0.029)^*	2.192^*
Family conflict	0.266(0.027)^*	0.370(0.028)^*	1.468^*
Family history of antisocial behavior	0.21(0.036)^*	0.662(0.034)^*	2.826^*
Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use	0.192(0.044)^*	0.459(0.031)^*	2.337^*
Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior	0.149(0.04)^*	0.345(0.026)^*	1.536^*
Family history of substance use	0.25(0.047)^*	0.586(0.049)^*	1.631^*
Family protective factors
Opportunities for prosocial involvement	−0.276(0.025)^*	−0.312(0.036)^*	0.685^*
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.322(0.036)^*	−0.312(0.036)^*	0.695^*
Attachment	−0.303(0.037)^*	−0.362(0.035)^*	0.690^*
School risk factors
Academic failure	0.194(0.025)^*	0.144(0.028)^*^M	1.634^*
Low commitment to school	0.27(0.038)^*	0.524(0.04)^*	2.192^*
School protective factors
Opportunity for prosocial involvement	−0.163(0.044)^*	−0.192(0.042)^*	0.751^*
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.175(0.043)^*	−0.209(0.038)^*	0.682^*
Community risk factors
Low neighborhood attachment	0.166(0.034)^*	0.154(0.034)^*	1.293^*
Laws and norms favorable to drug use	0.191(0.044)^*	0.49(0.037)^*	2.214^*
Perceived availability of drugs	0.138(0.029)^*	0.192(0.035)^*	1.848^*
Community protective factors
Opportunity for prosocial involvement	−0.234(0.041)^*	−0.283(0.042)^*	0.674^*
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.181(0.026)^*	−0.239(0.03)^*	0.645^*

Note. All tests account for age, race/ethnicity, gender, and parental education and are adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg Adjustment.

F = Effect is significantly stronger among females, and M = Effect is significantly stronger among males, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments.