Table 5.

Risk and Protective Factors in 8^th grade and 10th-grade depression, alcohol use, and antisocial behavior, controlling for 8^th grade levels of outcomes

	Depression	Antisocial behavior	Alcohol use
Risk and protective factors by domain	β(SE)	β(SE)	Odds Ratio
Peer-individual risk factors
Rebelliousness	−0.045(0.038)	0.219(0.038)*	1.650*
Attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior	0.013(0.032)	0.186(0.026)*	1.464*
Attitudes favorable to drug use	0.033(0.031)	0.217(0.024)*	1.619*
Low perceived risk of drug use	0.038(0.054)	0.202(0.043)*	1.536*
Friends’ drug use	−0.027(0.035)	0.181(0.026)*	1.602*
Rewards for antisocial involvement	0.039(0.031)	0.134(0.023)*	1.260*
Intention to use drugs	0.033(0.035)	0.203(0.03)*F	1.667*
Interaction with antisocial peers	0.019(0.037)	0.14(0.027)*	1.611*
Peer-individual protective factors
Religious attendance	−0.083(0.03)	−0.003(0.029)	0.878
Social skills	−0.052(0.04)	−0.344(0.036)*	0.546*
Belief in the moral order	0.029(0.093)	−0.389(0.042)*M	0.594*
Interaction with prosocial peers	−0.063(0.042)	−0.204(0.044)*	0.665*
Prosocial involvement	−0.179(0.076)	−0.075(0.042)	1.016
Rewards for prosocial involvement	0.004(0.035)	−0.147(0.033)*	0.921
Family risk factors
Poor family management	0.076(0.041)	0.239(0.033)*	1.765*
Family conflict	0.113(0.035)*	0.172(0.03)*	1.256*
Family history of antisocial behavior	0.113(0.035)*	0.32(0.041)*	2.050*
Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use	0.044(0.055)	0.093(0.035)*	1.649*
Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial behavior	0.048(0.035)	0.07(0.03)*	1.247*
Family history of substance use	0.12(0.058)	0.282(0.051)*	1.285
Family protective factors
Opportunities for prosocial involvement	−0.107(0.034)*	−0.139(0.027)*	0.786*
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.179(0.109)	−0.196(0.038)*	0.780*
Attachment	−0.2(0.097)	−0.167(0.038)*	0.774*
School risk factors
Academic failure	0.078(0.031)	0.144(0.028)*	1.478*
Low commitment to school	0.056(0.05)	0.184(0.046)*	1.689*
School protective factors
Opportunity for prosocial involvement	0.042(0.09)	−0.04(0.042)	0.875
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.047(0.038)	−0.004(0.038)	0.791*
Community risk factors
Low neighborhood attachment	−0.009(0.083)	0.05(0.035)	1.206
Laws and norms favorable to drug use	0.117(0.109)	0.2(0.041)*	1.765*
Perceived availability of drugs	0.015(0.036)	0.192(0.035)*	1.422*
Community protective factors
Opportunity for prosocial involvement	−0.076(0.038)	−0.118(0.043)*	0.759*
Rewards for prosocial involvement	−0.123(0.032)*	−0.116(0.03)*	0.703*

Note. All tests account for age, race/ethnicity, gender, parental education, and eighth-grade level of outcome variable and are adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg Adjustment.

F = Effect is significantly stronger among females, and M = Effect is significantly stronger among males, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments.