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Left: physical model of the vestibular system with a dehiscence of bone above the superior canal (SC). Upper right: straightened model of the SC with concentric, circular cross sections of endolymph (EL) and perilymph (PL), confined between the ampulla and the utricle and separated by the elastic membranous labyrinth (ML). Center right: fluid–structure interaction between PL, ML, and EL. Lower right: volume-based cupula model.
