Skip to main content
. 2016 Feb 8;27(4):1281–1386. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3
Lifestyle Factor Grade
Macronutrients
 Fat D
 Protein C
Micronutrients
 Calcium A
 Vitamin D B
 Micronutrients other than calcium and vitamin D D
Food Patterns
 Dairy B
 Fiber C
 Fruits and vegetables C
 Detriment of cola and caffeinated beverages C
Infant Nutrition
 Duration of breastfeeding D
 Breastfeeding versus formula feeding D
 Enriched formula feeding D
Adolescent Special Issues
 Detriment of oral contraceptives D
 Detriment of DMPA injections B
 Detriment of alcohol D
 Detriment of smoking C
Physical Activity and Exercise
 Effect on bone mass and density A
 Effect on bone structural outcomes B