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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Res. 2016 Jan 13;57:177–194. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.12.013

Table 4.

Unstandardized coefficients for hypothesized model of young adult outcomes

	High school completion			College enrollment			Working and/or studying			Criminal record			Has a child

All youth	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Constant	4.07	2.84		−1.15	1.63		2.05	1.49		0.49	1.79		1.35	2.01
Girl	0.86	0.58		0.28	0.21		0.20	0.28		−0.59	0.30	^*	0.29	0.30
Age	−0.32	0.14	^*	−0.27	0.08	^**	−0.09	0.07		0.14	0.08		0.30	0.09	^**
Parent expectation for child’s education
4-year college or more	0.69	0.22	^**	0.39	0.09	^***	0.24	0.09	^*	−0.37	0.11	^**	−0.33	0.11	^**
Indirect from immigrant status	0.89	0.30	^**	0.51	0.13	^***	0.31	0.12	^*	−0.48	0.16	^**	−0.42	0.16	^**
Academic achievement
Passage comprehension	0.06	0.02	^**	0.02	0.00	^***	0.02	0.01	^***	−0.02	0.01	^*	−0.02	0.01	^*
Indirect from immigrant status	0.09	0.14		0.03	0.05		0.04	0.05		−0.03	0.05		−0.03	0.04
Childhood activity patterns (ref. Sports & social)
Media & study	1.56	0.93		0.30	0.33		0.48	0.35		0.11	0.55		−0.77	0.41
High engagement	2.29	1.08	^*	0.70	0.37		0.90	0.42	^*	0.58	0.59		−1.21	0.43	^**
R²	0.73			0.37			0.27			0.43			0.38

N = 371, RMSEA = .038, CFI = .952, WRMR = .77

	High school completion			College enrollment			Working and/or studying			Criminal record			Has a child

Boys	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Constant	4.90	4.61		−3.20	2.66		5.51	2.83		0.53	3.09		3.16	4.46
Age	−0.23	0.20		−0.28	0.14	^*	0.01	0.11		0.12	0.13		0.39	0.17	^*
Parent expectation for child’s education
4-year college or more	0.58	0.25	^*	0.44	0.13	^**	0.24	0.15		−0.42	0.15	^**	−0.33	0.16	^*
Indirect from immigrant status	0.86	0.41	^*	0.64	0.23	^**	0.36	0.22		−0.62	0.26	^*	−0.49	0.25
Academic achievement
Passage comprehension	0.05	0.02	^*	0.01	0.00		0.02	0.01	^*	−0.03	0.01	^**	−0.02	0.01	^**
Indirect from immigrant status	0.00	0.19		0.00	0.03		0.00	0.07		0.00	0.10		0.00	0.09
Childhood activity patterns (ref. Sports & social)
Media & study	2.35	1.50		0.39	0.58		1.30	0.78		0.36	1.15		−1.50	0.94
High engagement	2.87	1.42	^*	0.56	0.56		1.54	0.70	^*	0.79	1.13		−1.45	0.68	^*
R²	0.70			0.39			0.28			0.47			0.46

N = 177, RMSEA = .00, CFI = 1.00, WRMR = .603

	High school completion			College enrollment			Working and/or studying			Criminal record			Has a child

Girls	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Constant	5.73	6.51		1.31	2.38		−0.18	1.97		2.02	3.19		0.09	2.79
Age	−0.40	0.30		−0.30	0.12	^*	−0.16	0.11		0.26	0.22		0.26	0.14
Parent expectation for child’s education
4-year college or more	0.66	0.24	^**	0.31	0.13	^*	0.19	0.12		−0.28	0.16		−0.33	0.14	^*
Indirect from immigrant status	0.88	0.37	^*	0.42	0.19	^*	0.25	0.16		−0.38	0.23		−0.45	0.22	^*
Academic achievement
Passage comprehension	0.06	0.03	^*	0.04	0.01	^***	0.03	0.01	^**	−0.02	0.01		−0.02	0.01	^*
Indirect from immigrant status	0.20	0.18		0.14	0.12		0.08	0.07		−0.05	0.05		−0.06	0.05
Childhood activity patterns (ref. Sports & social)
Media & study	1.58	2.04		0.25	0.45		0.04	0.45		−0.33	1.17		−0.80	0.54
High engagement	5.35	19.67		1.10	0.62		0.74	0.69		0.30	1.12		−1.32	0.73
R²	0.80			0.46			0.23			0.24			0.33

N = 194, RMSEA = .038, CFI = .949, WRMR = .73

^***

p ≤ .001

^**

p ≤ .01

^*

p ≤ .05 two-tailed test