Figure 2.

Behavioral Genetic Hierarchical Model of the Reading Ability Latent Variables. All numbers on single headed arrows are standardized regression coefficients and are significant (i.e, 95% confidence intervals do not include zero). If shaded, variance is significant (also per 95% confidence intervals). A = additive genetic variance; E = non-shared environmental variance. Residual variance (i.e., variance in a manifest variable not captured by the latent variable) = 1 – factor loading²