Figure 4.

Behavioral Genetic Nested Model of the Reading Ability Latent Variables. All numbers on single headed arrows are standardized regression coefficients and are significant (i.e, 95% confidence intervals do not include zero). If shaded, variance is significant (also per 95% confidence intervals). A = additive genetic variance; E = non-shared environmental variance. Residual variance (i.e., variance in the manifest variables not captured by the latent variable) = 1 – (factor loading for common latent variable² + factor loading for unique latent variable²)