Table 2.
Effects of thyroid hormone and cold exposures on biochemical and transcriptional changes in the liver of L. catesbeianus tadpoles
| Treatment | Possible events | Biochemical and transcriptional changes |
|---|---|---|
| T3(+) at 26 °C | ||
| (Enhancement) | Tail regression | Tail height↓, body weight (7d)↓, body length (7d)↓, tail length (7d)↓ |
| T3-response genes | thrb↑, nfic↑, thibz↑, dio3 (3d)↑, mmp11↑ | |
| Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 FAs (3d)↓, UI↓, 20:5n-3 (7d) ↓, elovl3 (3d)↑, elovl5↑ | |
| Lipogenesis (FA synthesis) | srebp1 (7d)↑, fas↑ | |
| Glycogenolysis? | Plasma glucose (7d)↑ | |
| Mitochondrial activity | Mitochondrial protein (7d)↑, cox4 (7d)↑ | |
| (Suppression) | Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, acaa2 (3d)↓ |
| Lipogenesis (sterol synthesis) | sc4mol (3d) ↓ | |
| T3(−) at 4 °C | ||
| (Enhancement) | Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-6 FAs↓, MUFA/SFA (3d)↑, 20:4n-6 (7d) ↓, ω-3 FAs/ω-6 FAs (7d)↑, scd1 (3d)↑, elovl1 (3d)↑, elovl2 (7d)↑, pcyt1 (3d)↑, pcyt2 (3d)↑, pemt (3d)↑, psd1 (3d)↓, pparg (7d)↑ |
| Sterol synthesis | srebp2 (3d)↑, ldlr1 (3d)↑, hmgcr↑, cyp7a1↓, soat1 (7d)↑ | |
| Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, acadl (3d)↑, CTP↑ | |
| Gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis/TG/FA cycle | Plasma glucose (3d)↑, TG (3d)↑, TG/Chol↑, FFA (7d)↑, pygl↑, g6pc2↑, pck1 (3d)↑, mdh (3d)↑ | |
| Mitochondrial activity | 18:1n-9 in PG↑, mitochondrial protein↑, COX (3d)↑, CPT↑ | |
| T3(+) at 4 °C | ||
| (Enhancement) | Remodeling of membrane lipids | Unsaturated ω-6 FAs (3d)↓, MUFA/SFA (3d)↑, 18:1n-9 (3d)↑, 20:4n-6 (7d) ↓, ω-3 FAs/ω-6 FAs (7d)↑, scd1↑, elovl1 (3d)↑, elovl2 (7d)↑, pcyt1 (3d)↑, pcyt2 (3d)↑, pemt (3d)↑, psd1 (3d)↓, pparg (7d)↑ |
| Sterol and ceramide synthesis | hsd17b12 (3d)↑, cers↑, soat1↑, cyp7a1↓, hmgcr (7d)↑, hsd3b7 (7d)↑, ldlr1 (7d)↑, pparg (7d)↑ | |
| Lipolysis (β-oxidation) | ppara (3d)↓, cpt1a (7d)↑, CPT↑ | |
| Gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis/TG/FA cycle | TG (3d)↑, TG/Chol↑, pygl↑, g6pc2↑, mdh (3d)↑ | |
| Mitochondrial activity | 18:1n-9 in PG↑, mitochondrial protein↑, COX (3d)↑, CPT↑ | |
| (Unclear) | FA/TG synthesis | dgat1 (3d)↓, accb (7d)↑ |
No parenthesis of the column “Biochemical and transcriptional changes” indicates significant changes on both day 3 and day 7. Gene names are shown in Additional file 5: Table S3.
Chol cholesterol, COX cytochrome c oxidase, CPT carnitine palmitoyltransferase, FA fatty acid, FFA free fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, PG phosphatidylglycerol, SFA saturated fatty acid, TG triglyceride, UI unsaturation index. Parentheses indicate the day showing signifcant changes: 3d on day 3, 7d on day 7