Table 2. RBC deformability indices using dual-beam optical tweezers for healthy control subjects and study subjects (diabetic retinopathy).

	Control group	DM group	DR group
Total number of cell cycles (5–10cycles/cell)	925	925	925
Average unstretched cell size (μm) (SD, Range)	8.45(±0.25, 8.03–9.25)	8.68(±0.49, 7.33–10.27)	8.82(±0.32, 8.03–9.62)	p < 0.001
Avergae maximal stretched cell size (μm) (SD, Range)	9.04(±0.17, 8.55–9.65)	9.23(±0.49, 7.82–10.56)	9.39(±0.26,8.70–10.03)	p < 0.001
Average difference between stretched and unstretched cell size (μm) (SD, 95CI)	0.59(±0.19, 0.57–0.60)	0.56(±0.32, 0.49–0.51)	0.56(±0.24, 0.55–0.58)	P = 0.009
Deformability Index (SD, 95CI)	0.0698(±0.024, 0.068–0.072)	0.0645(±0.03, 0.063–0.067)	0.0635(±0.029, 0.062–0.066)	p < 0.001

SD- Standard deviation, DM- Diabetes mellitus, DR – Diabetic retinopathy