Table 1. Demographics and Comorbid Conditions by Period.
| Demographic characteristics | Pre-Antimicrobial Stewardship Period (n = 1,321) | Post-Antimicrobial Stewardship Period (n = 1,375) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.0 (62.0–82.0) | 70.0 (62.0–82.0) |
| Male Gender | 1,289 (97.6) | 1,324 (96.3) |
| White Race | 1,208 (91.4) | 1,280 (93.1) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 1,293 (97.9) | 1,338 (97.3) |
| Hispanic | 7 (0.5) | 19 (1.4) |
| Unknown | 21 (1.6) | 18 (1.3) |
| Marital Status* | ||
| Married | 484 (36.6) | 497 (36.1) |
| Divorced / Separated | 401 (30.4) | 454 (33.0) |
| Widowed | 224 (17.0) | 261 (19.0) |
| Single/ Never Married | 206 (15.6) | 154 (11.2) |
| Unknown | 6 (0.5) | 9 (0.7) |
| Body Mass Index* | ||
| <18.5 | 35 (2.6) | 15 (1.1) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 560 (42.4) | 622 (45.2) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 257 (19.5) | 246 (17.9) |
| 30+ | 435 (32.9) | 475 (34.5) |
| Unknown | 34 (2.6) | 17 (1.2) |
| Charlson Score* | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) |
| Elixhauser Score* | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) |
| Medical History within One Year Prior to the Antibiotic-Related Admission | ||
| Alcohol Abuse* | 216 (16.4) | 295 (21.5) |
| Amputation* | 46 (3.5) | 78 (5.7) |
| Any Cancer | 310 (23.5) | 361 (26.3) |
| Burns* | < 5 | 12 (0.9) |
| Cardiac Arrhythmia* | 386 (29.2) | 461 (33.5) |
| Chronic Renal Disease* | 240 (18.2) | 274 (19.9) |
| Chronic Respiratory Disease* | 528 (40.0) | 662 (48.1) |
| Chronic Ulcer* | 145 (11.0) | 232 (16.9) |
| Complication of Implant or Graft | 71 (5.4) | 89 (6.5) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 303 (22.9) | 346 (25.2) |
| Coronary Heart Disease* | 430 (32.6) | 497 (36.1) |
| Depression* | 460 (34.8) | 657 (47.8) |
| Diabetes* | 461 (34.9) | 539 (39.2) |
| Drug Abuse* | 133 (10.1) | 168 (12.2) |
| Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders* | 357 (27.0) | 551 (40.1) |
| Gangrene* | 16 (1.2) | 41 (3.0) |
| Hypertension* | 774 (58.6) | 982 (71.4) |
| Hypothyroidism* | 83 (6.3) | 125 (9.1) |
| Immunity Disorder | < 5 | < 5 |
| Metastatic Cancer | 51 (3.9) | 49 (3.6) |
| Mild Liver Disease* | 85 (6.4) | 144 (10.5) |
| Moderate/Severe Liver Disease* | 25 (1.9) | 47 (3.4) |
| Myocardial Infarction* | 107 (8.1) | 150 (10.9) |
| Neutropenia | 12 (0.9) | 14 (1.0) |
| Paraplegia and Hemiplegia | 44 (3.3) | 71 (5.2) |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease* | 34 (2.6) | 68 (4.9) |
| Peripheral Vascular disease* | 181 (13.7) | 264 (19.2) |
| Psychoses* | 106 (8.0) | 172 (12.5) |
| Pulmonary Circulation Disorders* | 57 (4.3) | 104 (7.6) |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 26 (2.0) | 27 (2.0) |
| Surgery/Medical Complication* | 68 (5.1) | 183 (13.3) |
| Tobacco Abuse* | 251 (19.0) | 371 (27.0) |
| Infection Diagnosis (ICD-9) During Antibiotic-Related Admissiona | ||
| Bacteremia | 49 (3.7) | 49 (3.6) |
| Cellulitis or Abscess* | 157 (11.9) | 199 (14.5) |
| Endocarditis | < 5 | 6 (0.4) |
| Influenza* | < 5 | 49 (3.6) |
| Osteomyelitis* | 21 (1.6) | 41 (3.0) |
| Pneumonia | 284 (21.5) | 304 (22.1) |
| Skin/Subcutaneous Infection | 265 (20.1) | 318 (23.1) |
| Urinary Tract Infections | 325 (24.6) | 326 (23.7) |
| Culture/Laboratory Confirmed Infections During Antibiotic-Related Admission | ||
| Bacteremiab | 59 (4.5) | 46 (3.3) |
| Clostridium difficile Infectionc | 73 (5.5) | 85 (6.2) |
| Influenzac* | < 5 | 32 (2.3) |
| Pneumoniac | 45 (3.4) | 49 (3.6) |
| Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue Infectionc | 50 (3.8) | 72 (5.2) |
| Urinary Tract Infectionc | 170 (12.9) | 168 (12.2) |
| Positive Culture During Antibiotic-Related Admissiond | ||
| Enterococcus faecalis | 24 (1.8) | 30 (2.2) |
| VRE* | 8 (0.6) | < 5 |
| MSSA | 42 (3.2) | 39 (2.8) |
| MRSA | 42 (3.2) | 45 (3.3) |
| Streptococcus species* | 5 (0.4) | 30 (2.2) |
| Escherichia coli | 61 (4.6) | 48 (3.5) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 47 (3.6) | 37 (2.7) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 55 (4.2) | 38 (2.8) |
| Fungal species* | < 5 | 50 (3.6) |
| Previous Infection Diagnosis (ICD-9) within One Year Prior to the Antibiotic-Related Admissiona | ||
| Bacteremia | 41 (3.1) | 59 (4.3) |
| Cellulitis or Abscess* | 168 (12.7) | 282 (20.5) |
| Gram-negative* | 37 (2.8) | 70 (5.1) |
| Influenza* | 5 (0.4) | 32 (2.3) |
| Osteomyelitis* | 24 (1.8) | 77 (5.6) |
| Pneumonia* | 197 (14.9) | 327 (23.8) |
| Pseudomonas* | 17 (1.3) | 52 (3.8) |
| Skin/ Subcutaneous Tissue Infections* | 264 (20.0) | 416 (30.3) |
| Staphylococcus aureus* | 19 (1.4) | 45 (3.3) |
| MRSA | 39 (3.0) | 59 (4.3) |
| Streptococcus species* | 27 (2.0) | 63 (4.6) |
| Surgical Site Infection* | 11 (0.8) | 48 (3.5) |
| Urinary Tract Infections* | 238 (18.0) | 362 (26.3) |
| Previous Culture/Laboratory Confirmed Infections within One Year Prior to the Antibiotic-Related Admission | ||
| Bacteremiab | 74 (5.6) | 66 (4.8) |
| Bone and Joint*c | 14 (1.1) | 33 (2.4) |
| Clostridium difficile Infectionc | 77 (5.8) | 96 (7.0) |
| Influenza*c | < 5 | 15 (1.1) |
| Pneumonia*c | 33 (2.5) | 61 (4.4) |
| Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue Infection*c | 65 (4.9) | 126 (9.2) |
| Urinary Tract Infections*c | 178 (13.5) | 286 (20.8) |
| Previous Positive Culture within One Year Prior to the Antibiotic-Related Admissiond | ||
| Enterococcus faecalis* | 37 (2.8) | 75 (5.5) |
| VRE* | 16 (1.2) | < 5 |
| MSSA | 72 (5.5) | 75 (5.5) |
| MRSA | 86 (6.5) | 80 (5.8) |
| Streptococcus species* | < 5 | 33 (2.4) |
| Escherichia coli | 88 (6.7) | 110 (8.0) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 95 (7.2) | 95 (6.9) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 73 (5.5) | 81 (5.9) |
| Fungal species* | < 5 | 48 (3.5) |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%) of patients.
Differences assessed by Fisher’s exact or χ2 test (categorical data), t-test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (continuous data) as appropriate.
MSSA = methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRE = vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.
* = p<0.05.
a = Infection defined by presence of ICD-9 code.
b = Bacteremia defined by positive blood culture from any organism excluding coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species.
c = Infection defined by presence of ICD-9 code and positive corresponding culture.
d = Positive culture from any site.