. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2015 Sep 23;44(3):725–732. doi: 10.1007/s10439-015-1438-9

Table 1.

Summary of non-destructive in vitro assays for studying metabolism in adipose tissues

Metabolic Activity	Technique	Reference
Lipolysis	Colorimetric/Fluorometric quantification of glycerol, FFA	(22, 23)
Fatty Acid Oxidation	Quantification of radio-labelled CO₂ from uptake of [¹⁴C] palmitic acid	(24, 25)
Glucose consumption	Quantification of glucose/lactate levels	(26, 27)
Thermogenesis	Measurement of oxygen consumption	(25, 30)
Adipokine secretion	ELISA or protein array of adipokines	(23)

Abbreviations: FFA = free fatty acids, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay