Table 2.

Example Items used in the Self-Report of T2DM Self-Care Behaviors.

Source	Item examples	Responses	Time frame
Domain—Diet
DCP (Fitzgerald, Davis, et al., 1996)	How often do you follow a meal plan or diet? How often do you weight or measure your food?	Never Always	—
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I follow the rules of diet control for diabetes when having a meal out or in an unfamiliar setting	Never—Always	—
DSCAQ (Mekwiwatanawong, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, and Nityasuddhi, 2013; Partiprajak, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, Brooten, and Nityasuddhi, 2011)	How often do you eat desserts between meals?	Rarely/never—Always	Within a week
DSMI (Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	I consider effect on blood sugar when making food choices	Never—Always	—
DSMS (Sousa, Hartman, Miller, and Carroll, 2009)	I eat at least three meals every day	Strongly disagree—strongly agree	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I stay on diet when I eat at restaurants I stay on my diet when I go to parties	Strongly disagree Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you followed a low-fat or weight-loss diet? How often have you followed a diabetic diet?	None of the time— All of the time	Past 4 weeks
Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (Tan and Magarey, 2008)	Last week, each time when you ate your sweetened food or drinks, did you reduce your intake of carbohydrate food during meals?	Never—All the time	—
SDSCA (Toobert, Hampson, and Glasgow, 2000)	How often did you follow your recommended diet over the last 7 days? What percentage of time did you successfully limit your calories as recommended in health eating for diabetes control? Last week, how many meals did you eat each day including snacks?	Always—Never 0–100% 1–7 or more	Previous 7 days Last week
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I follow my meal plan exactly as suggested by my dietitian.	Never—Always	—
DSBQ (Taru, Tsutou, Nakawatase, Usami, and Miyawaki, 2008)	I use 50–100 g servings of meat or fish for a single meal I eat more vegetable fat than animal fat I prepare dishes to make them more attractive and appealing to the eye	Never Always	—
Kristal Food Habits Questionnaire (Kroese, Adriaanse, Vinkers, et al., 2014)	When you eat chicken, how often has it been fried How often do you use fat-free diary products?	—	—
Domain—Physical activity
DCP (Fitzgerald, Davis, et al., 1996)	How often do you have trouble getting enough exercise because it takes too much effort? How often do you have trouble getting enough exercise because you have a health problem?	Rarely Often	—
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I keep exercising regularly	Never—Always	—
DSCAQ (Mekwiwatanawong, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, and Nityasuddhi, 2013; Partiprajak, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, Brooten, and Nityasuddhi, 2011)	How often do you exercise until you sweat for at least 30 minutes?	Rarely/never—Always	Within a week
D-SMART (Fain, 2007)	How often have you exercised for at least 20 minutes per day in the past 3 months?	—	Past 3 months
DSMI (Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	I exercise to control blood sugar and weight.	Never—Always	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I exercise regularly. I get enough exercise	Strongly disagree—Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you exercised regularly?	None of the time—All of the time	Past 4 weeks
Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (Tan and Magarey, 2008)	How much time do you spend sitting/standing/walking? How often do you read book/magazine/newspaper, watch TV, play or work on a computer during your leisure hours?	Almost all the time—Almost none of the time All the time-Never	Last week —
SDSCA (Toobert, Hampson, and Glasgow, 2000)	On how many of the last 7 days did you participate in at least 20 minutes of physical exercise?	0–7	Previous 7 days
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I exercise as often as my educator advised me to I only do exercises/activities recommended by my educator	Never Always	—
ES-SMBPA-2D (Nakawatase et al., 2007)	Doing the housework oneself instead of asking someone else to do it Making detours when going somewhere	Never Always	—
Domain—SMBG
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I measure blood glucose or urine glucose according to the suggestions of health care providers	Never—Always	—
DSMI (Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	I test blood sugar when feel sick I test blood sugar to help make diabetes self-care decisions	Never Always	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I test my blood sugar	Strongly disagree—Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you checked your blood for sugar?	None of the time—All of the time	Past 4 weeks
Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (Tan and Magarey, 2008)	Last week, how many times did you change your treatment plan like modify your diet intake or physical activity or medicine based on your blood glucose reading(s)?	0–7 or more	Last week
SDSCA (Toobert, Hampson, and Glasgow, 2000)	On how many of the last 7 days (that you were not sick) did you test your glucose (blood sugar) level?	Every day—None of the days	Previous 7 days
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I test my blood sugar at the times suggested by my educator	Never—Always	—
Domain—Medication/regimen
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I take diabetic medicine on time even when out	Never—Always	—
DSMI (Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	I take medications at the prescribed times I take prescribed amount of medicine	Never Always	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I take my diabetes pills as ordered I adjust my insulin dosage according to my blood sugar	Strongly disagree Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you taken prescribed medication?	None of the time—All of the time	Past 4 weeks
Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (Tan and Magarey, 2008)	Last week, how many times did you need help in taking your diabetes medicine(s)?	0–7 or more	Last week
SDSCA (Toobert, Hampson, and Glasgow, 2000)	How many of your recommended insulin injections did you take that you were supposed to?	All of them—I do not take injections	Previous 7 days
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I only adjust the dose of my insulin/pills if my educator tells me to	Never—Always	—
MARS (Kroese, Adriaanse, et al., 2012)	Some people forget to take their medicines. How often does this happen to you? Some people miss out a dose of their medications or adjust it to suit their own needs. How often do you do this?	Always true Never true	—
MAT (Boas, Lima, and Pace, 2014)	Have you ever forgotten to take the tablets/administer the insulin for the diabetes? Have you ever not taken the tablets/administered the insulin for the diabetes because of feeling better?	Always Never	—
MMAS (Parada, Horton, Cherrington, Ibarra, and Ayala, 2012; W. Y. Lee et al., 2013)	Stop taking medications when feeling worse? Stop taking medications when well controlled? How often do you have difficulty remembering to take medications?	Yes/No Yes/No 5-point Likert-type	—
A scale to measure adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose (Wagner, Schnoll, and Gipson, 1998)	If I feel my blood sugar is low, I test When I am sick, I test	Lower adherence Greater adherence	—
Domain—Foot care
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I wear appropriate shoes and socks when out or traveling	Never—Always	—
DSCAQ (Mekwiwatanawong, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, and Nityasuddhi, 2013; Partiprajak, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, Brooten, and Nityasuddhi, 2011)	How often do you examine your feet?	Rarely/never—Always	Within a week
DSMS (Sousa, Hartman, Miller, and Carroll, 2009)	I wear closed-toe shoes every time I am outside my home	Strongly disagree—strongly agree	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I routinely wear socks I keep my toenails trimmed	Strongly disagree Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you checked your feet for minor bruises, injuries, and ingrown toenails?	None of the time All of the time	Past 4 weeks
SDSCA (Toobert, Hampson, and Glasgow, 2000)	On how many of the last seven days did you wash your feet?	0–7	Last 7 days
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I examine my feet daily	Never—Always	—
Domain—Management of hypoglycemia
DSMI(Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	I make decisions based on experience I treat low blood sugar reactions	Never—Always	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I take candies or sugar tablets when my blood sugar is low I take candies or sugar tablets when I am away from home	Strongly disagree Strongly agree	—
Disease-Specific Adherence Scale for Diabetes (Kravitz et al., 1993; Y. Y. Lee and Lin, 2009)	How often have you carried something with sugar in it (a source of glucose) for emergencies when outside your home?	None of the time—All of the time	Past 4 weeks
TDAQ (Hernandez, 1997)	I When I have a reaction I only eat/drink the amount suggested by my educator Domain—Management of oral care Item Examples	Never—Always	—
UISESS-B (Salcedo- Rocha, Garcia-de- Alba-Garcia, Velasquez-Herrera, and Barba-Gonzalez, 2011)	I take much water to avoid dryness I wash my teeth after meals	Never—Always	—
Domain—Interaction with health professionals and significant others
DHPSC (Wang, Lin, Cheng, Hsu, and Kao, 2012)	I find ways to satisfy the needs of intimate relationships I express care, love, and warmth to others	Never Always	—
DSCAQ (Mekwiwatanawong, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, and Nityasuddhi, 2013; Partiprajak, Hanucharurnkul, Piaseu, Brooten, and Nityasuddhi, 2011)	How often do you ask health care providers about your medical problems, treatments, and self-care activities?	Rarely/never—Always	Within a week
DSMI (Lin, Anderson, Chang, Hagerty, and Loveland-Cherry, 2008)	Comfortable discussing degree of flexibility in treatment plan with health care provider Comfortable asking others for diabetes management tips	Never Always	—
DSCS (N. Lee and Fisher, 2005)	I ask health care provider(s) about how to prevent complications I consult my doctor when my blood sugar is low	Strongly disagree Strongly agree	—