Table 5.
Total-volatile-organic-compound concentrations of waterproofing work∗
| Material | Environment | Task | Sampling unit | n | Toluene (ppm) | Xylene (ppm) | Ethyl benzene (ppm) | Ethyl acetate (ppm) | MEK (ppm) | n-Hexane (ppm) | EI (exposure limit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threshold limit values (ACGIH), ppm | 20 | 100 | 20 | 400 | 200 | 50 | 1 | ||||
| Polyurethane | Outdoor | PU primer | PU 1 | 5 | 5 48.03 ± 10.13 47.13 (1.25) (99.07%) |
ND | 3 0.34 ± 0.25 0.24 (2.93) (0.64%) |
ND | 4 1.41 ± 1.05 0.91 (3.81) (0.29%) |
ND | 5 2.42 ± 0.51 2.38 (1.25) (100.00%) |
| PU resin | PU 2/ PU 3/ PU 4 |
15 | 15 29.68 ± 20.95 24.90 (1.78) (83.47%) |
10 4.88 ± 5.22 1.370 (8.83) (2.75%) |
10 4.85 ± 6.68 0.99 (8.87) (13.64%) |
ND | 5 0.46 ± 1.00 0.19 (3.70) (0.13%) |
ND | 15 1.78 ± 1.00 1.56 (1.67) (100.00%) |
||
| PU 2 | 5 | 5 21.40 ± 7.32 20.42 (1.41) (57.89%) |
5 10.30 ± 2.85 10.02 (1.29) (5.57%) |
5 13.51 ± 3.80 13.13 (1.30) (36.54%) |
ND | ND | ND | 5 1.85 ± 0.58 1.78 (1.35) (100.00%) |
|||
| PU 3 | 5 | 5 18.15 ± 4.08 17.73 (1.29) (89.84%) |
5 4.34 ± 4.53 3.21 (2.17) (4.30%) |
5 1.05 ± 0.64 0.91 (1.79) (5.19%) |
ND | 5 1.37 ± 1.40 1.02 (2.17) (0.68%) |
ND | 5 1.01 ± 0.15 1.00 (1.16) (100.00%) |
|||
| PU 4 | 5 | 5 49.50 ± 26.88 42.65 (1.92) (100.00%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 2.48 ± 1.34 2.14 (1.91) (100.00%) |
|||
| Indoor | PU primer | PU 5 | 4 | 4 213.26 ± 49.40 209.41 (1.24) (98.99%) |
4 1.91 ± 0.29 1.90 (1.16) (0.18%) |
4 0.34 ± 0.05 0.34 (1.15) (0.16%) |
4 6.70 ± 0.39 6.69 (1.06) (0.16%) |
4 11.18 ± 1.01 11.14 (1.10) (0.52%) |
ND | 4 10.77 ± 2.47 10.58 (1.24) (100.00%) |
|
| PU resin | PU 6 | 6 | 6 28.50 ± 25.66 20.60 (2.34) (84.72%) |
6 14.62 ± 3.51 14.23 (1.29) (8.69%) |
6 2.09 ± 0.50 2.04 (1.29) (6.22%) |
3 0.67 ± 0.83 0.32 (3.74) (0.09%) |
6 0.95 ± 0.92 0.66 (2.48) (0.28%) |
ND | 6 1.68 ± 1.23 1.37 (1.97) (100.00%) |
||
| Asphalt | Outdoor | Asphalt primer | AS 1 | 7 | 7 1.11 ± 0.27 1.08 (1.34) (11.83%) |
7 4.03 ± 1.26 3.85 (1.40) (8.61%) |
7 7.36 ± 2.37 7.01 (1.41) (78.68%) |
ND | ND | 4 0.22 ± 0.18 0.13 (3.48) (0.88%) |
7 0.47 ± 0.15 0.45 (1.40) (100.00%) |
| Asphalt adhesive | AS 2 | 8 | 8 0.11 ± 0.04 0.11 (1.33) (8.44%) |
8 1.04 ± 0.51 0.95 (1.57) (14.64%) |
8 1.03 ± 0.95 0.75 (2.19) (76.92%) |
ND | ND | ND | 8 0.07 ± 0.05 0.05 (1.96) (100.00%) |
||
| Indoor | Cement mortar | CM 1 | 10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; EI, exposure index for total volatile organic compounds; MEK,methyl ethyl ketone; ND, none detected; PU, polyurethane.
∗
Detected n; arithmetic mean ± standard deviation; geometric mean (geometric standard deviation); (% proportion to exposure index).