Table 6.
Total-volatile-organic-compound concentrations of painting work∗
| Material/task | Environment | Sampling unit | n | Toluene | Xylene (ppm) | Ethyl benzene (ppm) | MIBK (ppm) | Styrene (ppm) | Ethyl acetate (ppm) | MEK (ppm) | n-Butyl acetate (ppm) | n-Hexane (ppm) | Acetone (ppm) | EI (exposure limits) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threshold limit values (ACGIH), ppm | 20 | 100 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 400 | 200 | 150 | 50 | 500 | 1 | |||
| ER 1/ ER 3/ ER 5 |
14 40.56 ± 36.80 28.31 (2.40) (36.13%) |
14 88.70 ± 50.42 73.22 (1.99) (15.80%) |
14 44.24 ± 60.41 21.57 (3.18) (39.41%) |
11 8.93 ± 11.14 2.33 (11.40) (7.95%) |
14 0.60 ± 0.45 0.42 (2.55) (0.53%) |
11 0.40 ± 0.24 0.34 (1.87) (0.02%) |
3 0.25 ± 0.31 0.15 (2.54) (0.02%) |
3 0.71 ± 1.25 0.18 (4.67) (0.05%) |
ND | 3 2.21 ± 4.09 0.37 (5.87) (0.08%) |
14 5.61 ± 5.82 3.57 (2.65) (100.00%) |
|||
| Epoxy primer | Indoor | ER 1 | 3 | 3 104.52 ± 10.97 104.15 (1.11) (32.72%) |
3 151.60 ± 17.08 150.98 (1.12) (9.49%) |
3 154.45 ± 16.74 153.86 (1.11) (48.35%) |
3 28.95 ± 1.29 28.93 (1.05) (9.06%) |
3 0.27 ± 0.05 0.26 (1.19) (0.08%) |
3 0.76 ± 0.02 0.76 (1.03) (0.01%) |
3 0.81 ± 0.04 0.81 (1.05) (0.03%) |
3 3.02 ± 0.12 3.02 (1.04) (0.13%) |
ND | 3 9.76 ± 0.53 9.75 (1.05) (0.12%) |
3 15.97 ± 1.62 15.92 (1.11) (100.00%) |
| ER 3 | 8 | 8 28.21 ± 11.82 26.28 (1.48) (41.11%) |
8 88.78 ± 35.05 83.11 (1.47) (25.87%) |
8 16.99 ± 6.21 16.08 (1.42) (24.75%) |
8 4.75 ± 2.08 4.41 (1.49) (6.92%) |
8 0.90 ± 0.35 0.85 (1.46) (1.31%) |
8 0.36 ± 0.15 0.34 (1.47) (0.03%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 3.46 ± 1.42 3.23 (1.47) (100.00%) |
||
| ER 5 | 3 | 3 9.53 ± 2.05 9.38 (1.24) (44.40%) |
3 25.58 ± 4.34 25.33 (1.19) (23.84%) |
3 6.70 ± 1.25 6.62 (1.20) (31.23%) |
ND | 3 0.11 ± 0.04 0.11 (1.42) (0.53%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3 1.07 ± 0.21 1.06 (1.22) (100.00%) |
||
| ER 2/ ER 4/ ER 6 |
13 12.20 ± 8.38 9.11 (2.38) (30.10%) |
13 32.32 ± 14.04 28.77 (1.74) (15.95%) |
13 18.86 ± 16.69 11.67 (3.05) (46.54%) |
13 2.63 ± 1.12 2.33 (1.77) (6.49%) |
8 0.23 ± 0.26 0.14 (2.54) (0.57%) |
7 0.34 ± 0.26 0.26 (2.14) (0.03%) |
5 0.24 ± 0.20 0.17 (2.29) (0.04%) |
5 0.91 ± 1.12 0.29 (5.34) (0.29%) |
5 0.07 ± 0.05 0.06 (1.88) (0.01%) |
ND | 13 2.03 ± 1.34 1.55 (2.31) (100.00%) |
|||
| Epoxy resin | Indoor | ER 2 | 5 | 5 20.91 ± 3.49 20.69 (1.17) (29.87%) |
5 39.96 ± 7.71 39.42 (1.20) (11.42%) |
5 38.24 ± 7.07 37.76 (1.19) (54.62%) |
5 2.44 ± 0.38 2.42 (1.16) (3.49%) |
ND | 5 0.65 ± 0.10 0.64 (1.17) (0.05%) |
5 0.47 ± 0.08 0.46 (1.19) (0.07%) |
5 2.23 ± 0.47 2.19 (1.21) (0.42%) |
5 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 (1.15) (0.07%) |
ND | 5 3.50 ± 0.62 3.46 (1.18) (100.00%) |
| ER 4 | 5 | 5 6.51 ± 6.51 4.71 (2.38) (32.51%) |
5 27.86 ± 20.00 21.95 (2.24) (27.83%) |
5 5.17 ± 3.56 4.16 (2.15) (25.81%) |
5 2.31 ± 1.50 1.80 (2.36) (11.54%) |
5 0.46 ± 0.30 0.36 (2.38) (2.30%) |
2 0.15 ± 0.04 0.15 (1.26) (0.02%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 1.00 ± 0.76 0.79 (2.21) (100.00%) |
||
| ER 6 | 3 | 3 7.20 ± 2.10 7.00 (1.33) (28.16%) |
3 27.02 ± 5.11 26.72 (1.20) (21.14%) |
3 9.37 ± 2.17 9.22 (1.25) (36.67%) |
3 3.49 ± 1.14 3.37 (1.37) (13.64%) |
3 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 (1.20) (0.39%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3 1.28 ± 0.32 1.25 (1.27) (100.00%) |
||
| Oil-based paint | Indoor | OP 1 | 1 | ND | 4.2 (28.47%) |
0.85 (28.81%) |
ND | 1.26 (42.71%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.15 (100.00%) |
| Oil-based paint | Outdoor | OP 2 | 2 | 2 12.67 ± 8.21 11.26 (2.01) (38.47%) |
2 13.64 ± 3.90 13.36 (1.21) (8.29%) |
2 17.53 ± 3.37 17.37 (1.34) (53.25%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 1.65 ± 0.62 1.59 (1.47) (100.00%) |
| Water-based paint | Outdoor | WP 1 | 1 | 15.57 (57.66%) |
29.66 (21.97%) |
5.50 (20.37%) |
ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.66 (100.00%) |
ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; EI, exposure index for total volatile organic compounds; MEK, methyl ethyl ketone; MIBK, methyl isobutyl ketone; n, number of samples; ND, none detected.
∗
Detected n; arithmetic mean ± standard deviation; geometric mean (geometric standard deviation); (% proportion to exposure index).