Figure 6. S-BMO modulates growth and metabolism in gnotobiotic piglets.

(A) Experimental design. The treatment group was fed M8+S-BMO (blue bars) while controls were fed the M8 diet alone (red bars). (B) Weight gain normalized to body weight at postnatal day 14 (mean±SEM). **p<0.01, two-way, repeated measures ANOVA. (C,D) N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) concentrations in cecal contents and feces (panel C), as well as in proximal and distal small intestine (SI) and spiral colon mucosa (panel D), harvested from gnotobiotic piglets fed M8±S-BMO. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Heatmap displaying acylcarnitine and fatty acyl CoA concentrations in the livers of non-fasted gnotobiotic piglets. (F,G) Amino acid concentrations in (F) serum and (G) skeletal muscle obtained from non-fasted gnotobiotic piglets. In panels E,F, columns represent individual metabolites, and rows represent replicate gnotobiotic piglets, grouped by treatment. *p<0.05 (two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test). Metabolite concentrations are displayed as Z-scores (normalized by column). Red asterisks denote statistical significance after Benjamini-Hochberg correction (α=0.1; all comparisons are made to M8 controls). (H) Weight gain normalized to body weight at postnatal day 15 (mean±SEM) in gnotobiotic piglets colonized with the 17-member consortium used in panel B but with the addition of two strains of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis MC1 and E. faecalis MC2), **p<0.01, two-way, repeated measures ANOVA. See also Figure S1, Figure S6, Table S7C and Table S8