Table 1.
Condition | Intervention | Client | Recommendation |
---|---|---|---|
Acute stress symptoms | Psychological | Adults | CBT-T recommended. No recommendation for EMDR, “stand-alone” problem-solving counseling, or psychoeducation. Stress management may be used if CBT not available along with PFA. |
Children | No specific recommendationa. PFA may be considered. | ||
Pharmacological | Adults | Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered. | |
Children | Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered. | ||
Secondary acute insomnia | Psychological | Adults | Relaxation technique and sleep hygiene advice should be provided through existing cultural practices recommended. |
Children | No specific recommendationa. Relaxation techniques and sleep hygiene advice may be safe and effective in adolescents. | ||
Pharmacological | Adults | Benzodiazepines should not be offered apart from exceptional cases in which short-term use (3–7) days may be considered. | |
Children | Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered. | ||
Secondary nonorganic enuresis | Psychological | Children | Psychoeducation and skills training for parents recommended. |
Dissociative disorders | Psychological | Adults | No specific recommendationa. PFA and the use of culturally appropriate interventions that are not harmful may be considered. |
Children | |||
Hyperventilation | Psychological | Adults | No specific recommendation for rebreathing into a paper baga. |
Children | Rebreathing into paper bag should not be considered. | ||
PTSD | Psychological | Adults | Group or individual CBT-T, EMDR, and stress management are recommended. |
Children | Group or individual CBT-T and EMDR are recommended. Stress management may be beneficial. | ||
Pharmacological | Adults | SSRIs and TCAs should not be offered as first-line treatment but may be considered if psychological interventions are not available or if there is co-occurring depression. | |
Children | Antidepressants should not be used. | ||
Bereavement | Psychological | Adults | Structured psychological interventions should not be universally offered. General principles of care (providing and mobilizing social support, encouraging culturally appropriate mourning) should be used. |
Children | |||
Pharmacological | Adults | Benzodiazepines should not be offered for individuals who do not meet criteria for a mental disorder. | |
Children |
Abbreviations: PFA psychological first aid, EMDR eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, CBT-T cognitive behavioral therapy with trauma focus, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, TCA tricyclic antidepressant
aNo recommendation could be given due to insufficient evidence