Table 3.
Hierarchical Linear Regressions of Staff Well-Being Indices as Associated with Workplace Conflict and Assault
| Model | Variables | Safety
|
Depression
|
Angry/Irritable
|
Physical Health
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | ||
| Step 1 | |||||||||
| Gender | .05 | .338 | .12 | .033 | .02 | .771 | .19 | .001 | |
| Experience | .03 | .561 | .18 | .003 | .07 | .226 | .10 | .103 | |
| Clinical staffa | −.26 | .000 | .00 | .947 | .02 | .729 | −.14 | .014 | |
| Supervisorsa | −.11 | .064 | −.02 | .699 | −.05 | .364 | −.07 | .255 | |
| Health habits | .06 | .291 | .20 | .000 | .22 | .000 | .15 | .007 | |
| Step 2 | |||||||||
| Gender | .06 | .278 | .09 | .098 | −.05 | .361 | .18 | .001 | |
| Experience | .09 | .108 | .16 | .006 | .09 | .087 | .13 | .023 | |
| Clinical staffa | −.11 | .052 | −.01 | .814 | .06 | .317 | −.05 | .373 | |
| Supervisorsa | −.07 | .158 | −.03 | .618 | −.06 | .265 | −.05 | .369 | |
| Health habits | .03 | .566 | .18 | .002 | .14 | .008 | .12 | .032 | |
| Patient conflict frequency | .19 | .007 | −.12 | .106 | .11 | .141 | .13 | .068 | |
| Patient assault frequency | .15 | .016 | .04 | .567 | −.01 | .847 | .03 | .615 | |
| Intrastaff conflict frequency | .15 | .007 | .12 | .058 | .18 | .001 | .14 | .022 | |
| Reactivity to social conflict | .20 | .000 | .18 | .002 | .34 | .000 | .16 | .005 | |
| Reactivity to assault | .06 | .334 | .09 | .177 | .02 | .721 | .06 | .368 | |
| Step 3 | |||||||||
| Gender | .05 | .321 | .10 | .077 | −.05 | .350 | .18 | .001 | |
| Experience | .08 | .150 | .17 | .003 | .11 | .054 | .13 | .020 | |
| Clinical staffa | −.11 | .046 | .00 | .981 | .06 | .296 | −.06 | .363 | |
| Supervisorsa | −.07 | .206 | −.01 | .822 | −.06 | .237 | −.06 | .318 | |
| Health habits | −.08 | .106 | .18 | .001 | .15 | .004 | .12 | .029 | |
| Patient conflict frequency | .18 | .009 | −.14 | .063 | .10 | .141 | .15 | .047 | |
| Patient assault frequency | .12 | .167 | .19 | .028 | .10 | .216 | .05 | .529 | |
| Intrastaff conflict frequency | .14 | .013 | .11 | .072 | .20 | .001 | .14 | .019 | |
| Reactivity to social conflict | .09 | .000 | .17 | .002 | .34 | .000 | .17 | .003 | |
| Reactivity to assault | .20 | .201 | .02 | .811 | −.06 | .410 | .04 | .610 | |
| Patient conflict x conflict reactivity | −.05 | .388 | .00 | .998 | .03 | .608 | .08 | .152 | |
| Assault frequency x assault reactivity | .05 | .414 | −.17 | .018 | −.17 | .012 | −.03 | .661 | |
| Staff conflict x conflict reactivity | .05 | .384 | .12 | .048 | −.10 | .065 | −.11 | .069 | |
Note: Criterion measures are: Safety = Z score of two-item scale with higher scores indicating less safety. Depression = General Health Questionnaire-12. Angry/Irritable = frequency of feeling angry/irritable on a 4 point scale. Physical Health = Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Gender is coded 1 = men, 2 = female.
Comparison group is ward staff.
Health habits = a z-scored index of diet, exercise, alcohol and caffeine consumption. Staff conflict with patients = Modified items from Psychiatric Nurses Stress Inventory. Patient assault = Scaled frequency of assault index created for this study. Intrastaff conflict = Modified items from Psychiatric Nurses Stress Inventory. Reaction intensity to assault = Two items of distress severity in response to assault incidents. Reactivity to social conflicts = subscale from Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale. In step 3, the coefficients are bolded only if the interaction terms are significant, which means the full block of variables should be interpreted.