Fig. 3.

Skeleton deformation due to transformation from annulus to cylinder. a Side view of the deformation. s₀ is the contour along the undeformed skeleton and s the contour along the deformed skeleton. The radial distance from the axis of symmetry in the undeformed state is r₀ and in the deformed state, r. The areas of the cylinder and the annulus are equal (5.9 μm²). b The variation in the reduced energy of the deformed skeleton with position, s, is illustrated by the solid curves overlaid on a contour depiction of the reduced strain energy u(λ_m, λ_p) as a function of the extension ratios λ_m and λ_p. The inner radius of the annulus is taken to be R_p/2 (curve i), R_p (curve ii) and 2R_p (curve iii) where R_p = 0.56 μm. Arrows indicate the direction of increasing arc length s. c The extension ratios λ_m (dashed line) and λ_p (dotted line) and the reduced bond area density 1/λ_mλ_p (solid line) as a function of arc length s for the case where the initial inner radius of the annulus is R_p. In keeping with the diagram shown in a, s increases from right to left.