Table-I.
Characteristics of Studies of Coffee Consumption and Pancreatic cancer risk.
| Study | Country | Study period | Cases/Subjects | Consumption categories | Relative risk (95% ci) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nomura 1981 [4] | America | 1968-1981 | 28/8032 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking |
| 1-2 cup/d | 2.74(0.61-12.36) | |||||
| 3-4 cup/d | 1.80(0.36-8.89) | |||||
| >5 cup/d | 2.90(0.63-13.42) | |||||
| Whittemore 1983 [5] | America | 1966-1983 | 84/412 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, college, class year |
| drinkers | 1.11(0.75-1.63) | |||||
| Snowdon 1984 [6] | America | 1960-1980 | 71/23912 | <1 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, sex |
| 1cup/d | 1.7(0.9-3.3) | |||||
| >2 cup/d | 0.8(0.4-1.6) | |||||
| Jacobsen 1986 [7] | Norway | 1967-1978 | 63/16555 | ≤2 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, residence |
| 3-4 cup/d | 1.22(0.23-2.20) | |||||
| 5-6 cup/d | 0.53(0.24-1.19) | |||||
| ≥7 cup/d | 0.62(0.23-1.68) | |||||
| Hiatt 1988 [8] | America | 1978-1984 | 48/122894 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, tea, alcohol, ethic, blood glucose |
| <1 cup/d | 0.8(0.3-2.6) | |||||
| 1-3 cup/d | 0.9(0.4-2.1) | |||||
| >4 cup/d | 0.7(0.2-1.9) | |||||
| Mills 1988 [9] | America | 1976-1983 | 40/34000 | Never | 1.00(reference) | age, sex |
| < Daily | 0.65(0.22-1.89) | |||||
| ≥ Daily | 0.71(0.34-1.48) | |||||
| Zheng 1993 [10] | America | 1966-1986 | 56/17633 | <3 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, alcohol |
| 3-4 cup/d | 0.6(0.3-1.2) | |||||
| 5-6 cup/d | 0.7(0.4-1.6) | |||||
| >7 cup/d | 0.9(0.3-2.4) | |||||
| Stensvold 1994[11] | Norway | 1977-1988 | 41/42973 | ≤2 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, country of residence |
| 3-4 cup/d | 2.58(0.58-23.44) | |||||
| 5-6 cup/d | 2.80(0.65-25.27) | |||||
| ≥7 cup/d | 2.32(0.51-21.58) | |||||
| Shibata 1994 [12] | America | 1981-1990 | 63/13979 | <1 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, smoking |
| 1cup/d | 1.82(0.75-4.43) | |||||
| 2-3 cup/d | 1.67(0.74-3.77) | |||||
| ≥4 cup/d | 0.88(0.28-2.80) | |||||
| Harnack 1997 [13] | America | 1986-1994 | 66/33976 | ≤7cup/week | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking |
| 8-17.5cup/week | 1.91(0.92-4.00) | |||||
| ≥17.5cup/week | 2.15(1.08-4.30) | |||||
| Michaud 2001[14] | America | 1980-1998 | 288/136593 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, history of cholecystectomy |
| <1 cup/d | 0.94(0.65-1.36) | |||||
| 1 cup/d | 0.60(0.38-0.94) | |||||
| 2-3 cup/d | 0.88(0.65-1.21) | |||||
| >3 cup/d | 0.62(0.27-1.43) | |||||
| Isaksson 2002 [15] | Sweden | 1961-1997 | 131/21884 | 0-2 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, smoking |
| 3-6 cup/d | 0.91(0.60-1.38) | |||||
| >7 cup/d | 0.39(0.17-0.89) | |||||
| Lin 2002 [16] | Japan | 1988-1997 | 225/99527 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking |
| 1-2 cup/m | 0.78(0.46-1.26) | |||||
| 1-4 cup/w | 0.55(0.34-0.86) | |||||
| 1 cup/d | 0.55(0.30-0.95) | |||||
| 2-3 cup/d | 0.39(0.20-0.71) | |||||
| ≥4 cup/d | 1.26(0.45-2.91) | |||||
| Stolzenbeng-Solomon 2002 [17] | Filand | 1985-1997 | 163/27111 | reference category | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking |
| low | 1.48(0.89-2.46) | |||||
| moderately low | 1.12(0.61-2.03) | |||||
| moderately high | 1.72(1.01-2.86) | |||||
| high | 0.95(0.54-1.68) | |||||
| Khan 2004 [18] | Japan | 1984-2002 | 25/3155 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, smoking, education |
| drinkers | 0.38(0.01-1.05) | |||||
| Luo 2007 [19] | Japan | 1990-2003 | 233/102137 | rarely | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, smoking, body mass index, tea, alcohol, diabetes mellitus |
| 1-2 cup/w | 1.0(0.7-1.4) | |||||
| 3-4 cup/w | 1.1(0.7-1.7) | |||||
| 1-2 cup/d | 0.9(0.6-1.3) | |||||
| ≥3 cup/d | 0.8(0.4-1.3) | |||||
| Nilsson 2010 [20] | Sweden | 1992-2007 | 74/61569 | <1 cup/d | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, education, smoking, body mass index, physical activity |
| 1-3 cup/d | 1.18(0.47-3.02) | |||||
| ≥4 cup/d | 1.50(0.57-3.92) | |||||
| Nakamura 2011 [21] | Japan | 1992-1999 | 52/30826 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | |
| low | 0.44(0.21-0.82) | |||||
| high | 0.33(0.15-0.69) | |||||
| Bhoo-Pathy 2013 [24] | Europe | 1992-2000 | 865/477312 | low | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, high, weight, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, physical activity |
| nondrinkers | 1.09(0.80-1.50) | |||||
| moderately low | 1.11(0.92-1.31) | |||||
| moderately high | 0.99(0.81-1.21) | |||||
| high | 1.07(0.86-1.33) | |||||
| Bidel 2013 [25] | Finland | 1972-2006 | 235/60041 | nondrinkers | 1.00(reference) | age, sex, alcohol, tea, study year, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, physical activity |
| 1-2 cup/d | 0.86(0.42-1.74) | |||||
| 3-4 cup/w | 0.86(0.45-1.64) | |||||
| 5-6 cup/w | 0.78(0.41-1.47) | |||||
| 7-9 cup/w | 0.92(0.46-1.83) | |||||
| ≥10 cup/d | 0.82(0.38-1.76) |