Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Parents Older Than 65 With At Least One Nonresident Adult Childa
| Depressed | Not depressed | n | p Valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30.86 | 69.14 | 6,268 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 61.41 | 38.59 | 3,548 | .000 |
| Men | 20.77 | 79.23 | 2,720 | .000 |
| ADLa | ||||
| No limitations | 25.51 | 74.49 | 5,151 | .000 |
| Mild limitations | 52.48 | 47.52 | 808 | .005 |
| Medium limitations | 67.47 | 32.53 | 166 | .000 |
| Severe limitations | 58.74 | 41.26 | 143 | .000 |
| Living situation | ||||
| Lives alone | 36.71 | 63.29 | 2,615 | .000 |
| Lives with partner | 23.17 | 76.83 | 2,944 | .000 |
| Lives with a child | 50.53 | 49.47 | 378 | .680 |
| Lives with partner and child | 30.51 | 69.49 | 331 | .000 |
| Contact with child | ||||
| Daily or several times a week | 30.68 | 69.32 | 3,944 | .000 |
| Once a week | 28.79 | 71.21 | 1,278 | .000 |
| Less than once a week | 34.03 | 65.97 | 1,046 | .000 |
| Education | ||||
| No education | 48.09 | 51.91 | 653 | .050 |
| Primary | 35.12 | 64.88 | 2,537 | .000 |
| Lower secondary | 27.65 | 72.35 | 1,009 | .000 |
| Upper secondary | 22.74 | 77.26 | 1,350 | .000 |
| Tertiary | 19.89 | 80.11 | 719 | .000 |
| Employment | ||||
| In work | 9.43 | 90.57 | 53 | .000 |
| Inactive | 31.04 | 68.96 | 6,215 | .000 |
| Making ends meet difficult | ||||
| Yes | 40.41 | 59.59 | 2,455 | .000 |
| No | 24.70 | 75.30 | 3,813 | .000 |
| Age | ||||
| 65–69 | 23.38 | 76.62 | 1,262 | .000 |
| 70–75 | 28.55 | 71.45 | 2,207 | .000 |
| 76–80 | 32.22 | 67.78 | 1,443 | .000 |
| 81+ | 40.12 | 59.88 | 1,356 | .000 |
| Welfare regimes | ||||
| Familialistic (Italy, Spain, and Greece) | 39.77 | 60.23 | 1,906 | .000 |
| Hybrid (Belgium, France, and the Netherlands) | 30.30 | 69.70 | 2,129 | .000 |
| Conservative (Austria and Germany) | 25.91 | 74.09 | 1,096 | .000 |
| Social democratic (Sweden and Denmark) | 21.72 | 78.28 | 1,137 | .000 |
| Stressful event in last 2 years | ||||
| Yes | 47.04 | 52.96 | 355 | .025 |
| No | 29.88 | 70.12 | 5,913 | .000 |
| History of depressive mood | ||||
| Yes | 48.03 | 51.97 | 1,495 | .002 |
| No | 25.48 | 74.52 | 4,773 | .000 |
| Volunteering activity | ||||
| Yes | 23.19 | 76.81 | 2,656 | .000 |
| No | 36.49 | 63.51 | 3,612 | .000 |
| Number of childrenc | ||||
| 1 | 30.63 | 69.37 | 1,244 | .000 |
| 2 | 29.14 | 70.86 | 2,368 | .000 |
| 3+ | 32.49 | 67.51 | 2,656 | .000 |
| Child lives < 5 km | ||||
| Yes | 32.76 | 67.24 | 4,151 | .000 |
| No | 27.11 | 72.89 | 2,117 | .000 |
| Financial support to child | ||||
| Yes | 26.54 | 73.46 | 893 | .000 |
| No | 31.57 | 68.43 | 5,375 | .000 |
| Instrumental support to child | ||||
| Yes | 21.37 | 78.63 | 496 | .000 |
| No | 31.67 | 68.33 | 5,772 | .000 |
| Instrumental support from other | ||||
| No support | 29.02 | 70.98 | 5,292 | .000 |
| Sporadic | 28.57 | 71.43 | 399 | .000 |
| Every week | 47.04 | 52.96 | 423 | .014 |
| Daily | 55.19 | 44.81 | 154 | .009 |
| Instrumental support from child | ||||
| No support | 27.56 | 72.44 | 4,841 | .000 |
| Sporadic | 34.48 | 65.52 | 525 | .000 |
| Every week | 41.37 | 58.63 | 568 | .000 |
| Daily | 55.09 | 44.91 | 334 | .001 |
| N | 1,934 | 4,334 | 6,268 | |
Notes. ADL = activities of daily living;
aRow percentages shown for dummy and categorical variables.
bOne-sample test of proportion testing the equality of row percentage proportions (Ha: p1 ≠ p2); p value reported.
cNumber of children is a continoues variable.